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MBIO 3401 EXAM 2 NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL
EXAM COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+|BRAND
NEW!!
How does free energy change affect reaction progress?Product of temperature and entropy change if gibbs free energy is < 0 (negative) the process may go forward if gibbs free energy is >0 (positive) the process will go in reverse
Why is additivity in reactions important, and how does it work?
Additivity of energy change is central to all metabolism: makes
it possible to "do work" by coupling an energy-yielding reaction to an energy-spending one
How do product/reactant ratios relate to reactions? 1 / 4
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If K>1: At equilibrium, there are more products than reactants,
indicating that the reaction favors the formation of products.
If K<1: There are more reactants than products at equilibrium,
suggesting that the reaction favors the reactants.
If K=1: The concentrations of products and reactants are roughly
equal at equilibrium.
What are the common cellular energy carriers and what is their chemical structure?energy carriers are molecules that gain or release small amounts of energy in reversible reactions (NADH & ATP) ATP contains a base (adenine) a sugar (ribose) and three phosphates NADH carries two or three times as much energy as ATP (NADH is the reduced form, NAD is the oxidized form)
What sites do catalytic enzymes have? 2 / 4
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allosteric sites: responsible for separating binding sites for
substrates and allosteric effectors
how does enzyme catalysis work?
1. Enzyme Structure: Enzymes are proteins that have a specific
shape. This shape creates an area called the active site, which is where the reaction takes place.
2. Substrate Binding: The molecule that an enzyme acts on is
called a substrate. The substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme like a key fits into a lock. This forms an enzyme- substrate complex.
3. Lowering Activation Energy: Once the substrate is bound, the
enzyme changes the shape of the substrate or brings substrates close together. This lowers the activation energy, which is the energy needed to start a reaction. Because of this, the reaction can happen much more easily and quickly.
4. Products Formation: After the reaction occurs, the enzyme
releases the products (the molecules that result from the reaction) and is free to bind to new substrate molecules. 3 / 4
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5. Reusability: Enzymes are not consumed in the reaction,
meaning they can be used repeatedly to catalyze many reactions.
common catabolic substrates
Glucose: A primary source of energy for many organisms. It
undergoes glycolysis and further breakdown in cellular respiration.
Fatty Acids: These are broken down through beta-oxidation to
produce acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.
Amino Acids: These can be deaminated and converted into
various intermediates that enter pathways for energy production or gluconeogenesis.
Carbohydrates: Other sugars, like fructose and galactose, can be
catabolized to glucose or enter metabolic pathways directly.
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