MDC 2 EXAM 1 - Benign Cell Features (Answer) - o Harmless o Do...

MDC 2 EXAM 1

Benign cells (Answer)- Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time Benign Cell Features (Answer)

• o Harmless
• Do not usually require intervention
• Slow growing
• Tight Adherence
• Specific morphology
• Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
• Specific differentiated functions
• Tight adherence
• Orderly growth
• No migration
• Normal chromosomes

Benign cell looks similar to a (Answer)- healthy cell Examples of Benign cells (Answer)- o Skin Tag

• Mole
• Nasal Polyp
• Uterine Fibroids
• Endometriosis

Malignant cells (Answer)- indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death Malignant cell features (Answer)-

• Large nucleus
• Migration
• Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
• Loose adherence
• Rapid or continuous cell division
• Loss of cellular regulation
• Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)

Seven warning signs of cancer (Answer)-

• C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
• A-A sore that doesn't heal 1 / 3

• U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
• T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
• I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
• O-Obvious change in wart or mole
• N-Nagging cough or hoarseness

Cancer development stages of malignancy (Answer)

• o Initiation
• Promotion
• Progression
• Metastasis

Initiation (Stage of malignancy) (Answer)- Normal cells are damaged and irreversible Promotion (Answer)- Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells Progression (Answer)- Increase in production of malignant cells Metastasis (Answer)- Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis (Answer)- cancer development Cancer classification (Answer)-

• Grading
• Ploidy
• Staging
• TNM
• Doubling time and mitotic index

Grading (Answer)- Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells

• Ex. 1= No mutation
• 4= Severe mutation

Ploidy (Answer)- Number of chromosomes 2 / 3

Staging (Answer)- How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread TNM (Answer)

• o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
• N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
• M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)

Doubling time and mitotic index (Answer)

• Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
• Stage 1=Localized
• Stage 4= Spread across the body

Cancer prevention primary (Answer)-

• Sunscreen
• Avoid smoking
• Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
• Chemoprevention
• Vaccine (HPV)

Cancer prevention secondary (Answer)

• o Mammogram
• Pap smear
• Prostate test

Cancer prevention tertiary (Answer)- People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples below)

• Chemo
• Radiation
• Surgery, etc.

Types of cancers (Answer)- carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma Carcinoma (Answer)- malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues Sarcoma (Answer)- malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues

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