MDC 2 EXAM 1 Study Guide Questions with

MDC 2 EXAM 1 Study Guide Questions with 100% Verified Correct Answers Benign cells - Correct Answer Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time Benign Cell Features - Correct Answer o Harmless

• Do not usually require intervention
• Slow growing
• Tight Adherence
• Specific morphology
• Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
• Specific differentiated functions
• Tight adherence
• Orderly growth
• No migration
• Normal chromosomes

Benign cell looks similar to a - Correct Answer healthy cell Examples of Benign cells - Correct Answer o Skin Tag

• Mole
• Nasal Polyp
• Uterine Fibroids
• Endometriosis

Malignant cells - Correct Answer indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death Malignant cell features - Correct Answer o Large nucleus

• Migration
• Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
• Loose adherence 1 / 4

• Rapid or continuous cell division
• Loss of cellular regulation
• Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)

Seven warning signs of cancer - Correct Answer o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns

• A-A sore that doesn't heal
• U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
• T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
• I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
• O-Obvious change in wart or mole
• N-Nagging cough or hoarseness

Cancer development stages of malignancy - Correct Answer o Initiation

• Promotion
• Progression
• Metastasis

Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - Correct Answer Normal cells are damaged and irreversible Promotion - Correct Answer Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells Progression - Correct Answer Increase in production of malignant cells Metastasis - Correct Answer Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - Correct Answer cancer development Cancer classification - Correct Answer o Grading

• Ploidy
• Staging
• TNM 2 / 4

• Doubling time and mitotic index

Grading - Correct Answer Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells

• Ex. 1= No mutation
• 4= Severe mutation

Ploidy - Correct Answer Number of chromosomes Staging - Correct Answer How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread TNM - Correct Answer o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)

• N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
• M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)

Doubling time and mitotic index - Correct Answer Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)

• Stage 1=Localized
• Stage 4= Spread across the body

Cancer prevention primary - Correct Answer o Sunscreen

• Avoid smoking
• Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
• Chemoprevention
• Vaccine (HPV)

Cancer prevention secondary - Correct Answer o Mammogram

• Pap smear
• Prostate test

Cancer prevention tertiary - Correct Answer People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples below) 3 / 4

• Chemo
• Radiation
• Surgery, etc.

Types of cancers - Correct Answer carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma Carcinoma - Correct Answer malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues Sarcoma - Correct Answer malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues Melanoma - Correct Answer pigment producing skin cancer Lymphoma - Correct Answer malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue Leukemia - Correct Answer white blood cell tumor Blastoma - Correct Answer malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue Lab Diagnostic Tests - Correct Answer o CBC

• Blood protein testing
• Tumor marker test
• Circulation tumor cell tests

Imaging Diagnostic Tests - Correct Answer o CT Scans

• MRI
• X-ray
• Ultrasound
• Mammogram
• Nuclear medicine scans

Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests - Correct Answer o Bronchoscopy

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