MEDICAL COLLEGE ADMISSION TEST
(MCAT) EXAM WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS.
What 2 shunts make fetal circulation different than adults? - ANSWER-foramen ovale ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale - ANSWER--connects right and left atria -bypass right ventricle
ductus arteriosus - ANSWER--shunt leftover blood from pulmonary artery to aorta
ductus venosus - ANSWER-from placenta to inferior vena cava -bypass liver
umbilical arteries - ANSWER-away from fetus
umbilical veins - ANSWER-toward fetus
when does a fetus have a heartbeat? - ANSWER-22 days gestation
when is a cartilage skeleton present in a fetus? - ANSWER-7 weeks
when are organs developed in a fetus? - ANSWER-8 weeks
axial skeleton - ANSWER-skull, vertebral column, and ribcage
appendicular skeleton - ANSWER-arms, legs, pelvic, and pectoral girdlesresolution - ANSWER-differentiate close objects
magnification - ANSWER-increase size
eyepiece magnification - ANSWER-10x
objective magnification - ANSWER-4x,10x,20x, 100x
Cell Theory - ANSWER--all living things composed of cells -cell=basic functional unit of life -cells from other cells only -cells have DNA (parent-->daughter cells)
total magnification - ANSWER-eyepiece x objective
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diaphragm (microscope) - ANSWER-controls light image contrast
hematoxylin - ANSWER--commonly used dye -shows nucleic acids (DNA,RNA)
how does the dye hematoxylin show nucleic acids? - ANSWER-binds to the negative sugar-phosphate backbone
phase contrast microscope - ANSWER--living organisms -differences in refractive indices among different subcellular structures
electron microscope - ANSWER--atomic level -samples must be sliced thinly and impregnated with heavy metals for contrast
prokaryotes - ANSWER-before nuclei (no nuclei)
eukaryotes - ANSWER-after nuclei
types of prokaryotes - ANSWER-bacteria and blue-green algae
prokaryote characteristics - ANSWER--unicellular -no nucleus or membrane bound organelles -cell wall in all -ability to carry other pieces of DNA
What type of genetic material is present within prokaryotes? - ANSWER--single circle molecule of DNA -within nucleoid region
plasmids - ANSWER--circular DNA -small -few genes -replicate independently
cocci - ANSWER-spherical bacteria
bacilli - ANSWER-rod-shaped bacteria
how do antibacterials work? - ANSWER-tend to attack bacterial specific structures
Eukaryote characteristics - ANSWER--protists, fungi, plants, and animals -cell walls in fungi and plants -nucleus -unicellular or multicellular
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cytoskeleton proteins - ANSWER--actin filaments -intermediate filaments -microtubules
Smallest cytoskeleton proteins - ANSWER-actin filaments
largest cytoskeleton proteins - ANSWER-microtubules
phospholipid bilayer - ANSWER--hydrophobic nonpolar tail -hydrophilic polar head -cholesterol molecules
purpose of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayer - ANSWER-regulate fluidity
transport proteins - ANSWER--control entry/exit -polar molecules and ions allowed through
cell adhesion molecule purpose - ANSWER--CAMs -allow cells to recognize each other -proper cell differentiation and development
nucleus membrane - ANSWER--double membrane -nuclear membrane/envelope
purpose of nucleolus - ANSWER-ribosomal RNA synthesized (rRNA)
Ribosomes - ANSWER--protein production -free and bound types
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER--production and sorting of materials from cell
smooth ER purpose - ANSWER-lipid synthesis and detox drugs/poisons
rough ER purpose - ANSWER-protein production
Golgi structure - ANSWER-membrane bound sacs
golgi purpose - ANSWER--receives from smooth ER -repackages to cell surface via secretory vescicles
lysosomes - ANSWER--'garbage dumps' -receives from endosomes -uses hydrolytic enzymes at lowered pH -break down materials -remove old cell components and replace -can cause autolysis 3 / 4
autolysis - ANSWER-cell suicide
mitochondria - ANSWER-powerhouse -2 layers -semi-autonomous -inherited only from the mother
- layers of mitochondria - ANSWER-outer-walls
inner-electron transport chain
what is the purpose of cristae on mitochondria? - ANSWER-increase surface area
semi-autonomous - ANSWER-own genes -replicate independently
types of microbodies - ANSWER--peroxisomes -glyoxysomes
peroxisomes - ANSWER--create hydrogen peroxide -break down fats -catalyze detox
glyoxysomes - ANSWER--germinating plants -convert fats to sugars
chloroplasts - ANSWER--in plants and algae -powerhouse -contain chlorophyll -generation of energy -own DNA
plant cell wall composition - ANSWER-cellulose
fungi cell wall composition - ANSWER-chitin
animal cell wall composition - ANSWER-no cell wall!!
centrioles - ANSWER--specialized microtubules -spindle formation -no membrane -in animals not in plants
microfilaments - ANSWER--rods of actin -muscular contraction with interaction with myosin -movement of materials within cell membrane
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