MIDTERM EXAM
Question 1
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Gas exchange occurs in which of the respiratory system's structures?Selected
Answer: Trache
a Correct
Answer: Alveoli
Response
Feedback:
The alveoli allow air to come in indirect contact with the bloodstream through the pulmonary capillary system.This alveolar membrane, which is one cell thick, allows carbon dioxide to diffuse into the alveoli from the bloodstream and oxygen to diffuse to the bloodstream from the alveoli. Sinuses are hollow spaces found in the skull. The trachea is a structure that allows passage of gases to and from the gas exchange units (alveoli).Bronchi are branches of the conducting airways that allow passage of gases to and from the gas exchange units (alveoli). Question 2
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A patient with heart failure reports awakening intermittently with shortness of breath. Which terms appropriately describes this clinical manifestation?Selected
Answer: Dyspnea
Correct
Answer: Paroxysmal
nocturnal Response
Feedback:
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea refers to intermittent attacks of severe dyspnea that occur during the night.Dyspnea is a general term referring to difficulty breathing. Cyanosis is the appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the 1 / 4
tissues near the skin surface being low on oxygen.Bradypnea describes abnormal slowness of breathing. Question 3
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What factor causes a congenital heart disease to produce cyanosis?Selected
Answer: Left-to-right shunting of
blood Correct
Answer: Right-to-left shunting of
blood Response
Feedback:
Disorders that result in right-to-left shunting cause cyanosis. A left-to-right shunt occurs when oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart or aorta flows back into the right side to be recirculated through the lungs.The blood reaching the systemic circulation is oxygenated and the infant is not cyanotic (acyanotic defect). However, the right side of the heart has an increased workload because of the extra shunt blood. In time, the overload of the right side of the heart can result in right ventricular hypertrophy and high right-sided heart pressures. Large ventricular septal defects may be apparent at birth because of rapidly developing right- sided heart failure and a loud systolic murmur. The majority of atrial septal defects occur at the location of the foramen ovale. The abnormal septal opening may be of variable size. Small defects (1 cm) are well tolerated.Even larger atrial septal defects may be asymptomatic for many years as long as the shunt flow is left to right and therefore acyanotic. Question 4
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A patient education intervention that will help decrease the emergence of resistant infections is to instruct the patient to Selected
Answer: Take all the antibiotics ordered even if feeling well after
a few days to prevent antibiotic defiant bacteria 2 / 4
Correct
Answer: Take all the antibiotics ordered even if feeling well after
a few days to prevent antibiotic defiant bacteria Response Feedback
:
The patient should take all the antibiotics ordered, even if feeling better, to eradicate the moderately resistant microorganisms. Viruses are not impacted by antibacterial medications. Sharing antibiotics indicates that the full course of the medication isn’t being taken, and so contributing to the development of resistant microorganisms. If medication is stopped prematurely, moderately resistant organisms are selected for and become the predominant species, making it more difficult to eradicate next time. Question 5
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Cellular hypoxia results in Selected
Answer: Failure of the sodium-potassium
pump Correct
Answer: Failure of the sodium-potassium
pump Response
Feedback:
Hypoxia is a loss of oxygen to the cell that causes ATP activity to cease. ATP provides the power required to drive the sodium-potassium pump. pH decreases in hypoxia (respiratory acidosis). Hypoxia is a loss of oxygen to the cell that causes ATP activity to cease. Deposits of calcium salts occur in conditions of altered calcium intake, excretion, or metabolism. Question 6
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What is the underlying problem common among all types of shock?Selected
Answer: Generalized vasodilation
Correct
Answer: Inadequate cellular 3 / 4
oxygenation Response
Feedback:
Although each type of shock has specific characteristics, all are associated with a deficiency of cellular oxygen consumption. Inadequate cellular oxygenation may result from decreased cardiac output, maldistribution of blood flow, or reduced blood oxygen content. The impaired oxygen utilization by cells may lead to cell death, organ dysfunction, and stimulation of inflammatory reactions.Cardiac failure can be an outcome, but is not a common cause in all types of shock. Vasodilation occurs in only selective forms of shock. Faulty compensatory mechanisms may contribute to the seriousness of all shocks but that is not the cause of all forms of shock. Question 7
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What is the name for the mRNA sequences that contain only the wanted segments?Selected
Answer: Pre-
mRNA Correct
Answer: Exon
Response
Feedback:
An exon is the mRNA sequence that contains only the wanted segments. Introns are the unwanted areas that are removed in the nucleus by a complex splicing process, thus leaving exons. Pre-mRNA is the original RNA transcript before removal of bases that are unnecessary.Spliceosomes are the areas of the nucleus that are a specialized RNA protein complex that removes introns. Question 8
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Thrombosis in the microcirculation throughout the body is called Selected
Answer: Disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC)
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