MN 552 QUIZ, MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM Study

MN 552 QUIZ, MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM Study Guide with Complete Solutions What is Modified Release? - Correct Answer The term modified-release is used to describe dosage forms that alter the timing and/or the rate of release of a conventional drug product/dosage form

• FDA does define this

Some Modified Release Systems - Correct Answer - some of these have overlap

• Delayed release
• Repeated Release or Repeat Action
• Extended, Sustained, Long-Acting, Prolonged, Controlled Release
• Targeted Release

Delayed-release - Correct Answer - dosage forms release the drug at a later time than an immediate dose system

• Delayed-release can include enteric-coated tablets, where timed release is achieved by a barrier

coating

• takes more time to release drug; doesn't start dissolving until a certain point of time

Repeat-release - Correct Answer - multiple doses of immediate release drug units with intermittent dosing

• Such as repeat-action tablets and capsules

Extended, Sustained, Long-Acting, Prolonged, Controlled Release - Correct Answer - Extended, Sustained-release systems slowly release the drug over an extended period of time

• Rate and duration are not always designed to a particular profile
• If the system can maintain predictable levels of drug in the target tissue or cells, it is considered

controlled- release. (Examples: XL,SR,CR)

• Controlled release systems are also called extended or sustained (prolonged) release
• dissolves and continues dissolving for a longer time 1 / 4

Targeted Release - Correct Answer - Site-specific or targeting refers to concentrated drug release at a certain site such as a tissue, organ, receptor, or cell

• A form of controlled release
• very difficult to achieve
• trying to control distribution of drug to target area

What is Controlled Release? - Correct Answer - Controlled Drug Delivery attempts to deliver the precise amount of a therapeutic agent (drug), to a specific site (site of action), for a specific time (duraterm- 5tion of treatment)

• OR Achieve both spatial (targeted) and/or temporal "control" of the drug
• a lot of prediction involved, very precise, and targeted
• The Drug Delivery System attempts to control the drug concentration at the target tissue

Disadvantages of Conventional Delivery - Correct Answer - Inconvenient because pt can forget to take dose

• Difficult to monitor
• Overdosing possible
• Large amounts of drug can be "lost" when it does not get to the target organ because has to distribute

to the whole body

• Drug goes to non-target cells and can cause damage
• Expensive (using more drug than necessary)

The Goal of Modified Drug Delivery - Correct Answer To Alter and Control

• Absorption
• Distribution - includes Cellular Uptake
• Metabolism (reduce it so more drug available)
• Elimination (reduce how fast eliminated to prolong effect of drug)
• Toxicity (reduce it)

What is Sustained Drug Action? - Correct Answer - ideal dosage form 2 / 4

• pt only has to take one time rather than multiple times
• minimize side effects by delivering API to site of action (target receptors, cells, tissues, or area in the

body)

• re-patenting without new drug development.

Improving Patient Compliance - Correct Answer Minimize Plasma fluctuation

• Plasma Concentration vs Time
• Sustained Release: takes longer to be absorbed and in therapeutic range for longer but eventually

eliminated

• Controlled: absorbed quickly and in therapeutic range for as long as necessary
• the more times you have take a medication day, the lower pt compliance

Tries to Achieve: Site Specific Drug Delivery - Correct Answer Reduction of side effects

• Anticancer drugs

--> Cytosine arabinoside- Dpocyt®

• Anti-fertility Agents
• Anti-inflammatory drugs

Site Specific Drug Action or Drug Targeting - Correct Answer - Targeting or Spatial Delivery

• exclusive drug delivery to specific organ, tissues, or cell types
• Still in development and difficult
• Designed to be directed to a specific organ, tissues, cell or cell compartment
• Targets include surface or compartment cell markers, proteins or even nucleic acids
• can locally put the drug through patches

Routes of Administration - Correct Answer a. Parenteral

• Refers to injections and IV
• Fast Absorption 3 / 4

• No First pass
• Painful
• Inconvenient
• Transdermal
• Easy access
• Large surface area
• Avoid first pass metabolism
• Avoid GI incompatibility of drugs
• Good patient compliance
• Slow absorption
• Transport across skin can be a challenge
• Need lipophilic
• Low MW drugs
• Ocular
• Localized delivery for eye disorders
• Good absorption for many drugs
• Bypasses certain clearance routes
• Problems with loss of drug in tears
• Nasal
• Easy administration
• Local delivery of drugs
• Rapid absorption
• Can bypasses certain clearance routes
• Pulmonary
• Rapid absorption
• / 4