NR 325 Exam 3 Study Guide

NR 325 Exam 3 Study Guide

Latest 2023 / 2024

1) Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver, must have blood test to diagnosis it Symptoms are flu like, jaundice, dark urine

Labs: AST/ ALT (liver enzymes)

a) Hepatitis A

• Contracted though feces, and orally through physical contact such as eating raw or

undercook food, or drinking contaminated water.

• Flu like symptoms

• Vaccine is avaible

• Acute inflammation

• RNA

b) Hepatitis B

• Transmission via childbirth, unprotected sex and IV drug abuse

• Linked to liver cancer

c. Test: hbv antigen markers

• Can be Chronic inflammation

• DNA

c) Hepatitis C

• Transmission blood, child birth, Drug abuse, sexually intercourse

• Gold standard: HCV RNA test, early detection as soon as two weeks after infection
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c. Test: enzyme immunoassay -IgG

• Can be Chronic inflammation
• RNA

d) Hepatitis D

• Needs HBV

• Transmission via the blood, childbirth, unprotected sex and IV drug abuse

• Can be Chronic inflammation

• RNA

e) Hepatitis E

• Contracted though feces, and orally through physical contact such as eating raw or

undercook food, or drinking contaminated water.

• No vaccine

• Very serious for pregnant women

• Acute inflammation

• RNA

2) Pancreatitis

a) Acute

• Acute inflammation of the pancreas

• Most common in middle age men and women, and affect African Americans the most

c. Causes: Gallbladder disease, alcohol intake, smoking, medications

d. Patho: autodigestion of the pancreas

• CM: abdominal pain LUQ, sudden onset deep pain, worse with eating, nausea and

vomiting, low-grade fever, leukocytosis, hypotension, tachycardia, jaundice, decrease bowel sounds, crackles in lung

f. Greys turner spot:bluish flank discoloration

• Cullen’s sign: bluish periumbilical discoloration 2 / 3

h. Complications:

Local

i. Pseudocyst: buildup of fluid, enzyme, tissue surround by a wall. Amylase

levels remain elevated

ii. abscess : collection of pus

Systemic

• Pulmonary pneumonia

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS

i. Test:

• The serum amylase level is usually elevated early and remains elevated for 24

to 72 hours.ii. Serum lipase level

j. Diagnostic test:

• X-ray, CT, ERCP

K. Medications:

Dopamine, Morphine, Proton pump inhibitor, Antacids,

Chvostek’s sign is contraction of facial muscles in response to a light tap over the facial

nerve in front of the ear.

Trousseau’s sign is a carpal spasm induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff above the

systolic pressure for a few minutes

b) Chronic

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