NR 503 Midterm Exam Latest 2023 - 2024

NR 503 Midterm Exam (Latest 2023 - 2024) New Full Questions and Answers ( Included ) 100% Correct

• vital statistics: The collection, tabulation, and interpretation of data concerningbirth, marriage,

divorce, sickness, and death.

2. Morbidity: presence of illness in population

3. mortality: related to tracking of deaths in a population

4. cases: people afflicted (those who are sick)

• social justice: justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, andprivileges within a

society.

• Epidemiology: the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution,and possible control

of diseases and other factors relating to health.

• Population Health: health outcomes of a group of people, and the distribution ofthose outcomes

within the group

8. Incidence: number of new cases

• Prevalence: The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condi-tion present in a

population at a within a specific time frame

10. Outcomes: End result that follows an intervention

• Inter-professional collaboration: Health professionals work together in smallgroups providing care.

Examples: oncology, OR, end of life or primary care.

• Healthy People 2020: A set of disease prevention and health promotion objectives for Americans to

meet during the second decade of the new millennium.

• Determinants of health: Factors that raise or lower a level of health in a population or individual.

Determinants of health help to explain or predict trends inhealth and why some groups have better or worse health than others.

• Campaign for Action: mobilizes nurses, health providers, consumers to strengthen nursing

through policy changes. Goal based on IOM future of nursingreport.

• primary intervention: process of altering susceptibility or reducing exposure to prevent disease prior

to the person getting it, ex: immunizations, tobacco preventioninitiatives

• secondary intervention: early detection of disease or risk factors and intervention during an

asymptomatic phase, ex: pap smear, rapid HIV, annual cholesterol test

• tertiary intervention: an intervention that occurs after the initial occurrence ofsymptoms but before

irreversible disability occurs, ex: cardiac rehab programs

18. aggregate: defined population

19. community: composed of multiple aggregates

• high risk populations: Certain groups of people who have a higher risk ofgetting an illness

than others

21. Validity: The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

• specificity: The ability of the test to identify correctly those who do not have thedisease.
• sensitivity: the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease
• continuous variable screenings: those that are not either positive or negativebut occur on a

continuum of values 1 / 2

• Two stage testing: less sensitive first specific test is used often at a lower costor less risk to the

patient, ex: TB skin

• Positive predictive value: The probability that a person with a positive testresult actually has

the disease

• Negative predictive value: the probably that a person with a negative test istruly free of disease
• internal validity: interpreting the findings of a study depends on the- design,conduct and

analyses, does the study measure what it is supposed to measure

• external validity: the extent to which the results of a study can be generalizedto other situations and

to other people

30. gold standard: tests with 100% sensitivity and specificity

• Reliability: Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individualover repeated

testings

32. probability: likelihood that a particular event will happen

• likelihood ratio: combines sensitivity and specificity data to help the clinicianquantify how much

the odds of disease change based on a positive or negative result

• active surveillance: data actively collected, more specific objective, information-gathering tools

(questionnaires etc), more useful in epidemiological researchthan passive.

• passive surveillance: public health surveillance in which data are sent to thehealth agency without

prompting.

• Heirarchy of Evidence: best = systematic reviews, RCT, cohort studies, case control studies, case

series, case reports editorials expert opinions = worst

• chain of infection: factors that lead to the transmission or spread of disease
• descriptive epidemiology: describes the distribution of a disease and or other related states and

events in terms of personal characteristics, geographical distribution, and time

• case reports: accounts of a single occurrence of a noteworthy health-relatedincident or small

collection of such events

• case series: report with a series of patients with similar diseases that describestheir management or

treatment

• correlational study: a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationshipbetween populations

or aggregates

• cross-sectional study: A study in which a representative cross section of thepopulation is tested or

surveyed at one specific time.(snap shot in time)

• causation: A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls thechanges in another

variable.

• Systematic (bias) error: occurs when selected subjects in a sample are not representative of the

population of interest, makes it appear (falsely) that there is oris not an association between exposure and outcome

• non-probability sampling (non-random sampling): members of target popu- lation do not share and

equal chance of being selected, i.e. convenience sample orvolunteers

• Exclusion bias: applying different eligibility criteria to cases and controls
• Withdrawal bias: patients who withdraw from a study are likely to differ fromthose who do not
• information bias: A prejudice in the data that results when either the respondentor the interviewer has

an agenda and is not presenting impartial questions or responding with truly honest responses,

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