NR 507 Final Exam: Advanced Pathophysiology

NR 507 Final Exam: Advanced Pathophysiology

Dermatomes (ANS- area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their branches reach to the periphery of the body.Substance release at the synapse (ANS- Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory- alzheimers Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease Spondylolysis (ANS- structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.-Heredity -Other congenital spinal defects motor and sensory areas of the brain (ANS- Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus.Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor Ischemic penumbra (ANS- ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct tissue.-no structural damage 1 / 3

Cerebral infarction (ANS- ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12 hours after).necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the 2nd week. glial scarring.Excitotoxins (ANS- Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release and cause neuron suicide.Agnosia (ANS- the inability to recognize familiar objects.-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe -Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus (Parieral) -Object- Temporo-occipital area -Associated with CVAs Subarachnoid hemorrhage (ANS- Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma -IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation -compensatory increase in SBP Meningitis (ANS- Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most common Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF 2 / 3

Prostate cancer prevention (ANS- -Eat a low fat diet

• Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents

BPH and the urinary system (ANS-

• Chronic inflammation

-Bladder outflow obstruction -Urge to pee often -delay in starting stream

• Decreased force of stream

-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign) Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal insufficiency Cause of respiratory Alkalosis (ANS-

• fever

-anemia, -anxiety, panic -thyrotoxicosis -hyperventilation buffer molecules (ANS- -Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate Cushing's disease (ANS-

• Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH (Corticotropin).

-from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary tumor such as small cell carcinoma of the lung.or adrenal tumor (rare)

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