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NR 566 MID-TERM 2/ NR566 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
FOR CARE OF THE FAMILY MIDTERM EXAM 2 NEWEST
2025 ACTUAL EXAM| COMPLETE 250 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
ALREADY GRADED A+|| BRAND NEW!!
Which antibiotics drug classes are contraindicated in pregnancy and why? - ANSWER - -Fluoroquinolones should be avoided due to potential cartilage damage risk.-Tetracyclines should be avoided due to potential tooth damage and staining
What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic drug? - ANSWER - -Bactericidal drugs are directly lethal to bacteria at clinically achievable concentrations -Bacteriostatic drugs can slow bacterial growth but do not cause cell death
Bactericidal Agents - ANSWER - aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, most antimycobacterial agents, streptogramins, and vancomycin
Bacteriostatic Agents - ANSWER - clindamycin, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines
What are the four basic mechanisms microbes have for resisting drugs? - ANSWER - 1. decrease the concentration of a drug at its site of action 1 / 4
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- alter the structure of drug target molecules
- produce a drug antagonist
- cause drug inactivation
What class of antibiotic should we avoid prescribing if a patient has a severe PCN allergy? - ANSWER - cephalosporins
What is a safe alternative for severe PCN allergy? - ANSWER - vancomycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin
What are the only two broad spectrum penicillin antibiotics? - ANSWER
- ampicillin and amoxicillin
Vancomycin side effects - ANSWER - Thrombophlebitis Ototoxicity Nephrotoxicity
What classes of antibiotics are resistant to C-diff? - ANSWER - aminoglycosides or cephalosporins
What are generally the best antibiotics to treat C-diff? - ANSWER - Flagyl and vancomycin
What is antibiotic stewardship? - ANSWER - plan to combat antimicrobial resistance 2 / 4
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pg. 3 When is empiric therapy appropriate? - ANSWER - patient has severe infection and would benefit to start while cultures are pending
What can Sulfonamides cause in infants? - ANSWER - can produce kernicterus, a severe neurologic disorder caused by displacement of bilirubin from plasma proteins
What can Gentamicin cause in infants? - ANSWER - if used in pregnancy, Gentamicin cause irreversible hearing loss in infant
What can tetracyclines cause in infants and children? - ANSWER - staining of teeth
Are antibiotics safe when breastfeeding? - ANSWER - -As a general guideline, antibiotics and all other drugs should be avoided by women who are breastfeeding -Amoxicillin is safe for use in breastfeeding What is the MOA of Beta-Lactam antibiotics? (penicillin) - ANSWER - disruption of the bacterial cell wall
What other drugs are in the B-lactam family? - ANSWER - cephalosporins, carbapenems, and aztreonam
Are beta lactams bactericidal or bacteriostatic? - ANSWER - generally bactericidal
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pg. 4 _______are enzymes that cleave the β-lactam ring and, therefore, render penicillins and other β-lactam antibiotics inactive. - ANSWER - β- Lactamases
What are some of the most common gram + bacterium? - ANSWER - staphylococcus (Staph), Streptococcus (Strep), Enterococcus, and C.diff
What are some of the most common gram - bacterium? - ANSWER - Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, e.coli, shigella, campylobacter, salmonella, Pasteurella, rickettsia, borrelia, proteus, pseudomonas, legionella, etc
What kind of reported allergic reaction to penicillin's would be ok to give a cephalosporin? - ANSWER - rash or more specific—morbilliform rash
What kind of reported allergic reaction to penicillin's would NOT be ok to give a cephalosporin? - ANSWER - anaphylaxis What part of the body does MRSA typically infect? - ANSWER - usually involves the skin and soft tissues, causing abscesses, boils, cellulitis, and impetigo
How do can we eradicate MRSA in the carrier? - ANSWER - intranasal application of a topical antibiotic—mupirocin or retapamulin—can be effective
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