NR507/ NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct | Grade A – Chamberlain How does blood flow through the heart? - ANSWER Deoxygenated venous blood → Sup. Vena Cava → Right Atrium →Tricuspid (AV) →Empties into R. Ventricle (& it contracts) → Blood ejected through Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs to be Oxygenated → Pulmonary Veins → L. Atrium → Mitral (AV) → L. Ventricle (pumps with each contraction) → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body What is systole? - ANSWER Contraction of the heart which pumps blood Diastole - ANSWER Relaxation of the heart What produces S1 and S2 sound? - ANSWER closing of the heart valves 1 / 3
What produces S1? - ANSWER The mitral and tricuspid valves which close in systole What produces S2 sound? - ANSWER The closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves in diastole What is cardiac output? - ANSWER the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute What is stroke volume? - ANSWER amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle with contraction What determines cardiac output? - ANSWER stroke volume and heart rate What is preload? - ANSWER the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts, related to ventricular filling, end diastolic pressure, amount of blood entering the ventricle during diastole 2 / 3
What is afterload? - ANSWER resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood What is contractility? - ANSWER Normal ability of muscle to contract at a given force for a given stretch. It is independent of preload/afterload Will sustained tachycardia result in increased or decreased stroke volume? - ANSWER Decreased What conditions can result in decreased contractility? - ANSWER Ischemia, acidosis, cardiomyopathy What can cause increase afterload? - ANSWER HTN, pulmonary disease, damage to the aortic valve What has the most immediate effect on afterload? - ANSWER HTN
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