NREMT Paramedic Exam Review

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NREMT Paramedic Exam Review (Verified)

1. Stridor: harsh, high-pitched sound, swelling, FB in upper airway

2. Snoring: tongue blocking airway

• Gurgling: indicates presence of fluid in the upper airway, need for suctioning
• Decorticate posturing: characterized by upper extremities flexed at the elbows

and held closely to the body and lower extremities that are externally rotated and extended. occurs when the brainstem is not inhibited by the motor function of the cerebral cortex.

5. Decerebrate posturing: (worse) extended and internally rotated elbows and

legs, teeth clenched, legs stiff and feet extended

6. Babinski response: big toe moves upward and other toes fan out when stroking

bottom of foot, means CNS problem

7. Dilated pupils: Mydriasis

cardiac arrest, shock, cereal hypoxia, cocaine, epinephrine, amphetamines 1 / 4

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8. Small/constricted pupils: -Miosis

narcotics, central nervous system disorder, glaucoma medication, bright light

9. Unequal pupils: -Anisocoria

brain injury, brain tumor, stroke, artificial eye, some eye medications, eye injury or disease, ICP

10. Nystagmus: rapid involuntary movements of the eyes

11. Causes of distended neck veins (JVD): -Tension penumothorax

-Cardiac tamponade -Right heart failure -Traumatic asphyxia -Pulmonary embolus -Emphysema -Chronic bronchitis

-best seen at a 45 degree angle

12. Flat neck viens: -Hemothorax

-Dehydration -Shock 2 / 4

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-best seen with patient supine

• Apenustic: long, deep breaths that are stopped during inspirations then periods

of apnea

• Causes of apneustic breath sounds: CNS injury or stroke 3 / 4

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• Biot (ataxic) respirations: Irregular pattern, rate, and depth of respirations with

intermittent periods of apnea; result from increased intracranial pressure.

16. Cheyne-Stokes respiration: Increasing in rate and depth, decreasing in rate

and depth with period of apnea, results from a neurological condition

17. Hyperventilation: Rapid and shallow

• Kussmaul respirations: Deep, rapid breathing; usually the result of an accumu-

lation of certain acids when insulin is not available in the body.Fruity breath

19. Rales/Crackles: Fluid in small airways/alveoli

20. Causes of Rales/Crackles: CHF, pulmonary edema, drowning, pneumonia,

COPD

21. Rhonchi: Mucus or fluid in larger airways/bronchi

22. Causes of rhonchi: Bronchitis, COPD, penumonia

23. Wheezing: Whistling sound due to bronchoconstriction or narrowing of the

terminal bronchioes due to edema

24. Causes of wheezing: Asthma and allergic reactions

25. Right upper quadrant: -Liver

-Gallbladder -Stomach

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