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pg. 1 NSG 233 Med Surg III Exam 2 Newest 2025 Actual Exam| Complete Questions and Correct Detailed Answers (Verified Answers) Graded A+
What are two pharmacologic interventions to dehydrate the brain tissue and reduce cerebral edema? - ANSWER - 1. Mannitol osmotic diuretic).
- Hypertonic saline (3%).
Why is Mannitol given? - ANSWER - To control cerebral edema and swelling.
What is Baclofen? What is it used for? - ANSWER - An anti-spasmodic (muscle relaxant).Agonist specific inhibitor to GABAB receptors in the spinal cord. It's mechanism of action is to restrict the influx of calcium to decrease neurotransmitter release in the spine. This is how it alleviates s/s of spasticity.
What are some adverse reactions of this Baclofen? What are three major teaching points? - ANSWER - Adverse reactions
- drowsiness.
- dizziness.
- weakness.
- fatigue.
- confusion. 1 / 4
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pg. 2
- headache.
- insomnia.
- urinary frequency.
- HYPOTENSION.
- CNS DEPRESSION.
Teaching points
- DO NOT abruptly stop taking this medication.
- avoid alcohol.
- Stand slowly, this medication may cause orthostatic HoTN.
What Dantrolene? How does it work (MOA)? - ANSWER - A direct- acting skeletal muscle relaxant.The mechanism of action for this medication is to interfere with the release of calcium from skeletal muscle.
What is conditions is Dantrolene used for? - ANSWER - Controls spasticity for patients with...
- Multiple Sclerosis.
- Cerebral Palsy.
- Spinal Cord Injury.
- Stroke.
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pg. 3 What are the adverse reactions of Dantrolene? What are some important patient teaching points? - ANSWER - Adverse reactions
- drowsiness.
- dizziness.
- diarrhea.
- fatigue.
- hepatitis.
Patient Teaching
- BLACK BOX: liver function tests needed regularly.
- contraindicated in patients with liver failure or issues.
What are the major medications reviewed in this unit needed for traumatic brain injuries and spinal cord injuries? - ANSWER - 1.
Phenytoin (Dilantin): controls seizures.
2. Propofol (dipravan): IV anesthetic, sedative, hypnotic.
3. Mannitol: osmotic diuretic to decrease ICP.
4. Baclofen: an antispasmodic to reduce s/s of spasticity.
5. Dantrolene: skeletal muscle relaxant to inhibit s/s of spasticity.
Define DIC? - ANSWER - Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.
- an acute or chronic thrombotic and hemorrhagic disorder that arises
secondary to various disease states (as acute promyelocytic leukemia, abruptio placentae, or major trauma) and is marked by uncontrolled systemic coagulation resulting in thrombosis which in acute cases 3 / 4
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pg. 4 typically leads to generalized bleeding due to depletion of clotting factors and increased fibrinolysis.
What are important lab values to know for DIC? - ANSWER - Most tested...
- Decreased platelet count.
- Increased aPTT (partial thromboplastin time, activated).
- Increased D-dimer.
Others
- Increased Prothrombin time. (PTT)
- Increased thrombin time. (PT)
- Decreased Fibrinogen.
- Increased Fibrin degradation products (FDPs).
- Euglobulin clot lysis is less than or equal to one hour.
What are s/s of DIC? - ANSWER - Characterized by microthromboses and bleeding!
- bleeding from mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth).
- thrombosis (blood clots) throughout the body.
What 6 major conditions precipitate DIC? - ANSWER - 1. sepsis.
- trauma.
- cancer.
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