NSG 233 Med Surg III Exam 2 Study Guide Latest

NSG 233 Med Surg III Exam 2 Study Guide Latest Update 2024-2025 Actual Exam from Credible Source with 120 Questions and 100% Verified Detailed Correct Answers Guaranteed _______ ________ is a buildup of fluid in the pericardial space. If left untreated, this

leads to ______ _______. - CORRECT ANSWER: Pericardial effusion.

Cardiac tamponade.

Asystole: s/s, EKG changes, and treatment. - CORRECT ANSWER: s/s: pulseless and apneic.

EKG changes: flat line.

Treatment: no defibrillation. Try CPR and epinephrine.

At what point in the cardiac rhythm does cardioversion deliver a shock? - CORRECT ANSWER: It synchronizes the electrical impulse during ventricular depolarization (QRS complex).

Atrial Fibrillation: s/s, EKG changes, and treatment. - CORRECT ANSWER: s/s: Same as above.Weak fatigue, dizzy, struggles cognitively, tired.

EKG changes

• F waves = fibrillation
• QRS is irregular.
• The rate is over 100 bpm.
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Treatment

• Look for the cause.
• Give anticoagulants (baby aspirin of 81 mg).
• Calcium channel blockers, beta blockers.
• Digoxin (s/s of toxicity include green/yellow halos or visual disturbances, HR less than

60, nausea, and vomiting).

- Cardizem or Diltiazem: this will be used in place of the digoxin.

Atrial flutter: s/s, EKG changes, and treatment. - CORRECT ANSWER: s/s: Cardiac output is low: signs of hypotension such as dizziness, weakness, fatigue, confusion, dyspnea, etc.

EKG changes

• Saw tooth (flutter waves). How many F waves (saw tooth) to every QRS. Check the

ratio.

• No P waves, just F waves.
• PR not measurable.
• QRS is narrow.
• Rate is over 100 bpm.

Treatment: calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and amiodarone.

Define Autonomic Dysreflexia (AD)? - CORRECT ANSWER: Severe headache with

hypertension, nausea, nasal congestion, and bradycardia.

Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a potentially life-threatening medical condition that can occur in people with spinal cord injuries in the upper back. It occurs when the nervous system overreacts to something below the site of the injury, leading to uncontrolled hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, and other symptoms.

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Define autoregulation. How does it work? - CORRECT ANSWER: We can adjust blood

vessels in the brain. The loss of that ability to compensate (Monroe Kelley Doctrine) is when we see Cushing's triad.

Define cardiac tamponade? What are the s/s? - CORRECT ANSWER: Definition: buildup of fluid within the pericardial sac surrounding the heart. This places pressure on the heart making it more difficult for it to beat.

s/s

• tachycardia due to low cardiac output.
• hypotension.
• pulsus peridoxus (SBP markedly higher during inhalation).
• chest pain.
• tachypnea (fast breathing).
• dyspnea (difficulty breathing).

- JVD.

• Hypotension.
• Heart sounds are muted/muffled.

Define cardioversion. When is it used? - CORRECT ANSWER: Delivers an electrical

current that depolarizes a critical mass of myocardial cells. This repolarizes cells, allowing the SA node to recapture its role as a pacemaker.

This is used for tachyarrhythmias.

Define cerebral blood flow (CBF). - CORRECT ANSWER: Amount of blood in mL

passing through 100 grams of brain tissue in one minute.

Define DIC? - CORRECT ANSWER: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.

• an acute or chronic thrombotic and hemorrhagic disorder that arises secondary to

various disease states (as acute promyelocytic leukemia, abruptio placentae, or major

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