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NSG 532 ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM| COMPLETE 200
REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
ALREADY GRADED A+|| BRAND NEW!!
What are the amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine derived from? - ANSWER - A single tyrosine amino acid Made in the adrenal medulla Addition of chemical groups differentiates them
What are the amine hormones Tetraiodothyronine and Triiodothyronine made from? - ANSWER - Hormones are derived from the combination of two iodinated tyrosine amino acid residues
What is the amine hormone Melatonin derived from? - ANSWER - Derived from amino acid tryptophan Hydroxylation + decarboxylation of tryptophan generates serotonin neurotransmitter Acetylation and methylation of serotonin neurotransmitter yields production of melatonin
What are some characteristics of amine hormones? - ANSWER - Synthesized from amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, T3/T4, and melatonin 1 / 4
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pg. 2 Have properties common to both peptide (hydrophillic) and steroid hormones (hydrophobic) Epi/Norepi/Melatonin act on G protein coupled receptors T3/T4 bind on nuclear membrane Epi/Norepi/Melatonin function similar to peptide hormones T3/T4 function similar to steroids
Describe the 3 areas of distinction between amine hormones - ANSWER
- Water solubility
Epi/Norepi/Melatonin are hydrophilic T3/T4 are hydrophobic
Blood Transport Epi/Norepi/Melatonin are dissolved in plasma T3/T4 are transported by carrier proteins in the bloodstream
Cellular receptors Epi/Norepi/Melatonin interact with GPCR T3/T4 have cytoplasmic and intranuclear receptors
What glands do amine hormones originate from? - ANSWER - Thyroid gland -- T3/T4 Adrenal medulla -- Norepi/Epi Pineal gland -- Melatonin 2 / 4
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pg. 3 Contrast between hormone transport of the different types of hormones - ANSWER - Water Soluble peptide/protein and amine hormones Will circulate freely in the plasma Water Insoluble steroid and amine hormones (T3/T4) will be bound to transport proteins Plasma albumins and globulins
Describe the role of Cell Membrane receptors in regards to hormones and the three parts of each cell membrane receptor - ANSWER - Act in cell-cell communications by binding an extracellular, hydrophillic ligand Integral membrane proteins
- Extracellular (binding) domain - binds to the ligand
- Transmembrane domain - transmits the signal to the cytoplasmic
- Signal Transduction Domain-generates signal transduction
domain
What are the 4 major types of Cell Membrane Receptors? - ANSWER - Ionotropic cell membrane receptors --- found on ion channels Metabotropic Cell Membrane Receptors -- indirectly linked with ion channels Guanine nucleotide binding protein coupled cell membrane receptors Tyrosine Kinase Cell Membrane Receptors
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pg. 4 Describe the general pathway of G Protein Coupled Receptors - ANSWER - Alpha subunit of G Protein -- inactive while bound Ligand will bind to receptor -- phosphorylate alpha subunit of G Protein Activate subunit binds and activates either adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase on the cell membrane Generates a signal transduction and cellular response
Describe Tyrosine Kinase receptors - ANSWER - Cell membrane receptors activated through ligand-induced dimerization and auto- phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain Activates cytoplasmic relay proteins and results in a response --relay proteins come up to receptor to get phosphorylated and activated
Describe the structure and function of cytoplasmic and intranuclear receptors - ANSWER - 2 functional domains Hormone Binding Domain DNA Binding domain/transcription activation domain Hormone will bind to the hormone binding domain and enter the nucleus where the DNA binding domain will bind to the Steroid Hormone Response Element on DNA
What is signal transduction? - ANSWER - A chain of events that follows the ligand-receptor binding Alters the cells metabolism, gene expression, and ability to proliferate or die, morphology, etc.
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