NSG 533 (NSG533) Exam 1| Advanced Pharmacology| Questions and Verified Answers Graded A+ | Wilkes
- essential components of pathophysiology - ANSWER 1.
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Outcomes
Etiology
other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease - ANSWER idiopathic and cryptogenic define iatrogenic - ANSWER etiology of disease as a result of surgical/medical intervention 1 / 4
define incidence of epidemiology - ANSWER the new number of cases in a given population in a specific time period define prevalence of epidemiology - ANSWER number of cases, both old and new, during a specific time period what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death - ANSWER
- ATP Depletion
- Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
- intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
- defects in membrane permeability
- Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation) 2 / 4
what is the most common stressor of disease - ANSWER ATP deletion what are the two phases of ATP production? - ANSWER 1.Anaerobic (glycolysis)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - ANSWER 2 How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - ANSWER 36 in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production may be impaired? - ANSWER 1. Hypoxia 2.ischemia - ANSWER reduced blood flow Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion - ANSWER obstruction --> ischemia --> decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b) increased anaerobic glycolysis 3 / 4
explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased ATP production - ANSWER normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most potassium ions are inside the cell when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and potassium freely exits the cell as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - ANSWER Rough ER with ribosomes on the surface explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to decreased ATP production - ANSWER glycogen is decreased, lactate is increased, intracellular pH is decreased decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
- / 4