NUR 162 Exam 9
- Mood disorders
Answer also called affective disorders, are pervasive alterations in emotions that are manifested by depression or mania or both.
- Mania
Answer a distinct period during which mood is abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable.
- Manic episodes
Answer Manic episodes include inflated self-esteem or grandiosity; decreased sleep; excessive and pressured speech (unrelenting, rapid, often loud talking without pauses); flight of ideas (racing, often unconnected, thoughts); distractibility ; increased activity or psychomotor agitation; and excessive involvement in pleasure-seeking or risk-taking activities with a high potential for painful con- sequences. The person's mood may be excessively cheerful, enthusiastic, and expansive, or the person may be irritable, especially when he or she is told no or has rules to follow.
- Hypomania
Answer a period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and some other milder symptoms of mania. The difference is that hypomanic episodes do not impair the person's ability to function (in fact, he or she may be quite productive), and there are no psychotic features (delusions and hallucinations).
- Bipolar I Disorder
Answer one or more manic or mixed episodes usually accompanied by major depressive episodes
- Bipolar II Disorder 1 / 3
Answer one or more major depressive episodes accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode
- Persistent Depressive (dysthymic) Disorder
Answer a chronic, persistent mood disturbance characterized by symptoms such as insomnia, loss of appetite, decreased energy, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of sadness and hope- lessness that are milder than those of depression.
- Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Answer a persistent angry or irritable mood, punctuated by severe, recurrent temper outbursts that are not in keeping with the provocation or situation, beginning before age 10.
- Cyclothymic Disorder
Answer characterized by mild mood swings between hypomania and depression without loss of social or occupational functioning.
- Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Answer has two subtypes. In one, most commonly called winter depression or fall-onset SAD, people experience increased sleep, appetite, and carbohydrate cravings; weight gain; interpersonal conflict; irritability; and heaviness in the extremities beginning in late autumn and abating in spring and summer. The other subtype, called spring-onset SAD, is less common, with symptoms of insomnia, weight loss, and poor appetite lasting from late spring or early summer until early fall. SAD is often treated with light therapy
- Postpartum Depression or "maternity" blues
Answer a mild, predictable mood disturbance occurring in the first several days after delivery of a baby. Symptoms
include labile mood and affect, crying spells, sadness, insomnia, and anxiety. The symptoms subside without treatment, but mothers do benefit from the support and understanding of friends 2 / 3
and family. Most common complication of pregnancy in developed countries.
- Kindling
Answer the process by which seizure activity in a specific area of the brain is initially stimulated by reaching a threshold of the cumulative effects of stress, low amounts of electric impulses, or chemicals such as cocaine that sensitize nerve cells and pathways. These highly sensitized pathways respond by no longer needing the stimulus to induce seizure activity, which now occurs spontaneously. It is theorized that kindling may underlie the cycling of mood disorders as well as addiction. Anticonvulsants inhibit kindling; this may explain their efficacy in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
- Psychodynamic Theory
Answer Many psychodynamic theories about the cause of mood disorders seemed to "blame the victim" and his or her family
- Major Depressive Disorder
Answer Major depressive disorder typically involves 2 weeks or more of a sad mood or lack of interest in life activities, with at least four other symptoms of depression such as anhedonia and changes in weight, sleep, energy, concentration, decision-making, self-esteem, and goals. Major depression is twice as common in women and has a one-and-a-half to three times greater incidence in first-degree relatives than in the general population. Incidence of de- pression decreases with age in women and increases with age in men. Single and divorced people have the highest incidence. Involves Norepinephrine and Serotonin neurotransmitters.
- Paroxetine (Paxil)
side effects
Answer Dizziness, sedation, headache, insomnia, weakness, fatigue, constipation, dry mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and sweating.
nursing implications
Administer with food. Administer in PM if client is drowsy.
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