NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 1
Question:
Osmosis
Answer:
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from low to high concentration
Question:
Diffusion
Answer:
Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Question:
Facilitated diffusion (passive transport)
Answer:
Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration through a protein carrier WITH assistance
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Question:
Active transport
Answer:
Energy-requiring process that moves solutes from low to high against concentration gradient WITH assistance
Question:
What is edema?
Answer:
Swelling caused by a fluid imbalance in the interstitial spaces
Question:
Causes of edema?
Answer:
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, decreased osmotic pressure, inflammation
Question:
Hormones involved in fluid balance
Answer:
ADH, aldosterone, natriuretic peptides
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Question:
ADH
Answer:
Antidiuretic "tap water" hormone, retention of water only (Dilutes body fluids)
Question:
Aldosterone
Answer:
Antidiuretic hormone, "salt water", retention of water and sodium (Expands extracellular fluid volume)
Question:
RAAS
Answer:
Renin is released by kidneys in response to decreased blood volume; causes angiotensinogen to split & produce angiotensin I; lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II; angiotensin II stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone & causes an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction
Question:
Natriuretic Peptides
Answer:
oppose the action of aldosterone, but not as strong. Promote fluid excretion through natriuresis (excretion of Na+ in urine)
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Question:
RAAS results in what two things?
Answer:
Decreased urine output and an increase in serum sodium
Question:
What causes RAAS?
Answer:
low blood pressure, low blood volume, low blood sodium, low blood oxygen
Question:
What is hypovolemia
Answer:
too little fluid in extracellular space (ECV deficit)
Question:
What is the etiology of hypovolemia?
Answer:
Inadequate fluid intake or excessive fluid or sodium loss (poor intake, inadequate IV fluid replacement, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive diaphoresis, diuretics)
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