NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam

NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam

• Review Study Guide

• What are the three stages of AKI presentation?

Answer

• Prodromal

• Oliguric
• post-oliguric

• Causes of chronic kidney disease

Answer

• Outcome of progressive and irrevocable loss of functional nephrons.

• Due to kidney not recovering

• Can lead up to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis

• Risk Factors of chronic kidney disease

Answer

• Diabetes

• Hypertension
• Recurrent pyelonephritis
• Polycystic kidney disease
• History of exposure to toxins
• Age over 65
• Ethnicity (African American male higher risk)

• complications of chronic kidney disease

Answer

• hypertension and cardiovascular disease

• uremic syndrome
• metabolic acidosis
• electrolyte imbalances 1 / 3

• bone and mineral disorders
• malnutrition
• anemia
• pain
• depression

• Hypertension and cardiovascular disease

Answer

• (increased blood volume) Hyper- volemia, escalated atherosclerotic process

• Uremic Syndrome

Answer

• Can't get rid of normal metabolic waste

Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, and uremic frost (itching & discomfort)

• . Metabolic acidosis

Answer

• Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia

• Electrolyte Imbalances

Answer

• Retained potassium (hyperkalemia), phosphorus, and magnesium

• Bone and mineral disorders

Answer Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone/mineral metabolism.

Kidneys are unable to reabsorb calcium (body steals calcium from parts of the body)

• Malnutrition

Answer

• Decreased intake, depression, and dietary limitations (De- creased salt, protein and potassium)

• Anemia 2 / 3

Answer

• Lack of erythropoietin (produces new RBC), uremia shortens RBCs life

• Pain

Answer

• Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities

• Depression

Answer

• Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interac- tions and relationships

• Urge Incontinence

Answer

• Sudden need to void with an involuntary leakage of urine If it happens at night (nocturia) it is

called overactive bladder

• Stress Incontinence

Answer

• Small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily when there is an increase in intraabdominal

pressure. (More common in women following childbirth; Can occur with coughing, sneezing and lifting heavy objects)

• Neurogenic bladder

Answer From a disruption of nervous communication that controls micturition.Seen in individuals with stroke, Parkinson's, MS, and spinal cord injuries.

• Functional Incontinence

Answer

• Secondary to physical or environmental limitations such as not getting to the toilet in time.

• Mixed Incontinence
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