NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam

NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam

• Review

• Cryptorchidism Complications

Answer Fibrotic tubules with deficiency in spermatoge- nesis, infertility.

• Amenorrhea

Answer Absence of menstruation

• Amenorrhea Causes

Answer Hormonal disturbances Stress

Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors)

• Complications of Dialysis

Answer Cardiovascular disease Hypervolemia Depression

• Prostatitis

Answer Inflammation of the prostate. Most common association is E. coli.

• Prostatitis S/S

Answer Fever Chills

Tender prostate Low back pain Dysuria Leukocytosis 1 / 3

• Renal Calculus Cause

Answer Urine becomes supersaturated with specific solute that forms crystals. Crystallization is enhanced when a person is dehydrated or has higher than normal levels of solute in the urine from excessive secretion (calcium, uric acid).

• Renal Calculus S/S

Answer Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort accompanied by nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and tachypnea (abnor- mal, rapid breathing) Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain) develops as the stone moves to the ureteropelvic junction

• Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S

Answer Urinary retention Obstruction to flow

Decreased stream Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream Interruption of the stream Infection caused by retention

• .Aldosterone

Answer "salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressur

• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer Promotes retention of water by kidneys and increases blood pressure.

• Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors

Answer Diabetes Hypertension Recurrent pyelonephritis Acute tubular necrosis Glomerulonephritis Polycystic kidney disease Family history of CKD 2 / 3

Smoking Age over 65 Ethnicity

• Chronic Renal Failure Causes

Answer The outcome of the progressive and irrevoca- ble loss of nephrons. More than 75% of the total number of nephrons must be lost before clinical manifestations appear.

• .Cystitis Causes

Answer Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones); or trauma. By far the most common is bacterial infection.

• Cystitis Pathogenesis

Answer

• coli adheres to bladder epithelium, colonizes, and invades host cells.

• Cystitis S/S

Answer Acute onset of frequency, urgency, and dysuria; pain may be present in the suprapubic area.The urine may appear pink because of hematuria or cloudy as a result of the infectious organism.

• Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Answer Highly communicable STI that infects epithelial cells and proliferates into pruritic, painful lesions. Leading cause of cervical cancer.

• Oral Cancer

Answer Presents at the base of the mouth or border of the tongue.

• Hiatal Hernia

Answer Defect in diaphragm allowing a portion of the stomach to pass through the diaphragmatic opening into the thorax.

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