NUR 2063 Exam 2
- Homeostasis
•state of equilibrium or balance within and organism
• Fluids and electrolytes exist within the body, are dynamic in nature, and are maintained in constant balance, or homeostasis, within the body
- fluid volume deficit
•Fluid deficit occurs when total body fluid levels (mostly wa- ter) are insufficient to meet the body's needs may also be referred to as dehydration
• Fluid volume deficits may result from vomiting and diarrhea
- Fluid Volume Excess
•Daily fluid intake should equal the amount of fluid lost
• Third spacing
significant fluid increases in the transcellular compartment, which does not exchange easily among other ECFs
Types
Edema, Water intoxication
- Eukaryote
•is any cell or organism that possesses a defined nucleus
- Mitochondria 1 / 4
•Have own DNA and ribosomes
• Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy
- what happens When arterial blood pressure decreases
•renin is released from the kidneys and works on angiotensinogen (from the liver), converting it to angiotensin I.
- What is the role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antidiuretic hor- mone (ADH),
and natriuretic peptides
Control of fluid and electrolyte balances is maintained
- The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) also assist in
•maintain- ing blood pressure and intravascular fluid status
- What happens when renin converts angiotensinogen (from the liver), con- verting into
angiotensin I
•Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II in the lungs by angiotensin-converting enzymes
- what is the role of Angiotensin II
•is a potent vasoconstrictor that also stimu- lates the release of aldosterone
- What produces Aldosterone
Hyopthalamus
- What releases Aldosterone and why 2 / 4
The adrenal cortex releases and releas- es in response to changes in blood osmolality
- What is the role of Aldosterone
promotes the retention of the sodium and water in the kidneys, restoring blood volume directly influences water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys
- What may cause Fluid volume deficient
•hemorrhage, excessive loss of GI fluids (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea).
- What are the symptoms of Fluid volume deficient
thirst, weight loss, lungs clear to auscultation, tachycardic.
- What may cause fluid volume excess
•heart failure, end-stage kidney failure, etc.
- What are the symptoms of Fluid volume excess (FVE)
• crackles in the lungs, hypertension, bounding pulses.
- Where is the highest loss of daily fluids
in the urinary tract
- Osmosis
•process which water travels through a selectively permeable mem- brane so the concentrations of a substance that is soluble in water (solutes) are the same on both sides of the membrane. (ex. 3 / 4
movement of water between the interstitial and intracellular compartments).
- what type of movement is osmosis
Through osmosis water passively moves from an area of lower particle concentration to an area of higher particle concentra- tion.
- Where does Potassium mostly exist in the body
•exists predominately in the intracellular fluid whereas sodium and chloride exists predominately in extracellular fluid.
- hypokalemia
When potassium levels in the body is less than 3.5 mEq/L
- hyperkalemia
When potassium levels in the body is greater than 5 mEq/L
- Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can cause
cardiac arrhythmias
- Hypocalcemia
When calcium level is below 8.5 mg/dL
- Hypocalcemia can result in
• positive Chvostek's sign(contraction of the corner of the patient's eye and mouth when the facial nerve is tapped gently and positive Trousseau's sign (spasm of the and hand and wrist [sign of tetany]).
- Hyponatremia
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