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NUR 2063 FINAL EXAM AND STUDY GUIDE
EXAM LATEST 2025| ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW|
COMPLETE 250 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A+ |
RASMUSSEN (BRAND NEW!!)
What body functions cause fluid volume deficits? - ANSWER - Blood
loss from cuts/wounds Through the gastrointestinal system: vomiting
and diarrhea Abnormally excessive urination (polyuria); can be caused by excessive intake of diuretic substances or medications or from renal disorder.
Tetany - ANSWER - a symptom characterized by the involuntary contraction of muscles that leads to painful muscle cramps, spasms of the voice box (i.e., larynx), and sensory disturbances.
What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany? - ANSWER - Hypocalcemia - aka LOW calcium tetany (muscle twitching/spasms)
Symptoms of dehydration - ANSWER - thirst, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, dry eyes, dry mouth, dark-colored urine
Osmosis - ANSWER - Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. 1 / 4
pg. 2 Clinical manifestations of fluid excess - ANSWER - peripheral edema, periorbital edema, anasarca, cerebral edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse, tachycardia, jugular vein distension, hypertension, polyuria, rapid weight gain, crackles, and bulging fontanelles.
- Electrolytes that contains higher levels of extracellular fluid? -
ANSWER - (Sodium and Chloride.) in biology, body fluid that is not contained in cells. It is found in blood, in lymph, in body cavities lined with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, in the cavities and channels of the brain and spinal cord, and in muscular and other body tissues.
Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte? - ANSWER - (Potassium) The fluid is often secreted by cells to provide a constant environment for cellular operations.
Bones are a reservoir for what electrolyte? - ANSWER - Mainly Calcium but is found with magnesium and phosphorus.
The normal lab value range for potassium, what happens to the body when outside this range? - ANSWER - It is critical to the proper functioning of nerve and muscles cells, particularly heart muscle cells.Normally, your blood potassium level is 3.6 to 5.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). A very low potassium level (less than 2.5 mmol/L ) can be life-threatening and requires urgent medical attention.
The normal lab value range for sodium, what happens to the body when outside this range? - ANSWER - SODIUM - Sodium is the most abundant cation (pronounced cat-ion) in the blood and its chief base. It 2 / 4
pg. 3 functions in the body to maintain osmotic pressure, acid-base balance
and to transmit nerve impulses. Very Low value: seizure and neurologic
symptoms.
Sodium, serum: 135-145 mEq/L
Sodium, urine: 135-145 mEq/L
The normal lab value range for calcium, what happens to the body when outside this range? - ANSWER - CALCIUM - involved in bone metabolism, protein absorption, fat transfer muscular contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, blood clotting and cardiac function.Regulated by parathyroid.
Calcium, ionized: 4.4 - 5.1 mg/dL
Calcium, serum: 8.4 - 10.2 mEq/dl
Calcium, urine: 100 - 300 mg/24 h
The normal lab value range for magnesium, what happens to the body when outside this range? - ANSWER - MAGNESIUM- The normal range for blood magnesium level is 1.7 to 2.2 mg/dL (0.85 to 1.10 mmol/L). Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results.
The normal lab value range for phosphorus , what happens to the body when outside this range? - ANSWER - PHOSPHORUS - Generally
inverse with Calcium. Phosphorus, serum: 3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL
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pg. 4 What is ABGs (Arterial Blood Gas)? - ANSWER - test measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood. It also measures your body's acid-base (pH) level, which is usually in balance when you're healthy.pH: 7.35-7.45, PaCO2: 35-45 mm Hg (Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
in arterial blood), PaO2: 75-100 mm Hg (Partial pressure of oxygen in
arterial blood) HCO3: 21-27 mEq/L (Bicarbonate), Oxygen saturation:
95%-98%, Base excess: -2mEq/L to 2mEq/L (.ie. from minus 2 to
positive 2 mEq/L)
cause of metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER - excessive vomiting; Is a condition that occurs when your blood becomes overly alkaline. Too many alkali-producing bicarbonate ions.
Define active transport - ANSWER - Movement across cell membrane-- from low to high concentration--requires energy.
Define hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. - ANSWER - Hypertonic- high amount of solute compared to another solution Hypotonic- low amount of solute as compared to another solution Isotonic- equal amounts of solute in both solutions
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ANSWER - "Tap water" - causes kidneys to reabsorb plain water and dilutes blood and other body fluids.Released from pituitary gland.
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