NUR 2063 Patho Final Exam
- flight or fight response
Answer Biological reaction to alarming stressors that musters the body's resources (for example, blood flow and respiration) to resist or flee a threat and protect vital organs
- Hormones released in response to stress
Answer Cortisol, catecholamines (epineph- rine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
- GAS (general adaptation syndrome)
Answer Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
- Homeostasis
Answer A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
- Glucagon
Answer A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.
- Main function of the endocrine system
Answer Regulates all biological processes in the body. Metabolism, growth and development, sexual function and reproduction, heart rate, blood pressure, appetite, sleeping and waking cycles
- Function of plasma proteins
Answer Help to maintain fluid balance, transport various substances in the blood, play a crucial role in 1 / 4
the immune system and are involved in blood clotting
- intracellular contains high (electrolyte)
Answer -
Potassium
- Hyponatremia
Answer deficient sodium in the blood (less than 135)
- Causes of Hyponatremia
Answer Excessive H2O intake, renal failure, addisons dis- ease,
- Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia
Answer lethargy, weakness, headache, mus- cle cramps, diminished tendon reflexes, poor skin turgor, tachycardia, increased urine output
- Hypovolemia
Answer Decreased blood volume. Fluid deficit of the intravascular com- partment.S/S
AMS, hypotension, tachycardia, weak/thready pulse, oliguria, excess thirst, dry mouth and skin
- Hypovolemia causes
Answer Vomiting, DM, fever, heat exposure, exercise, no water access, significant injury to skin, excess diuretics
- What stores electrolytes? 2 / 4
Answer The Kidneys
- Contraindication
Answer a factor in the patient's condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment dangerous or ill advised
- Normal sodium range
Answer 135-145 mEq/L
- Fluid volume overload
- Hypervolemia-excess fluid in intracellular fluid, inter- stitial, and intravascular spaces.
Answer
- Risk factors
renal failure, heart failure, cirrhosis, excessive sodium intake, exces- sive administration of IV fluids, corticosteroids
- S/S of fluid volume overload
Answer rapid/bounding pulse, distended neck veins, HTN, cough, SOB, crackles, HA, restlessness, peripheral or pitting edema
- insensible water loss
Answer the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such as through evaporation from the skin and exhalation from the lungs during breathing
- Hypotonic solutions 3 / 4
Answer Intravascular solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than that found in the intravascular compartment.
- Hypertonic solutions
Answer intravascular solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than those in the intravascular compartment
- Isotonic solutions
Answer and intravascular solution that has concentrations of solutes equal to those in the intravascular solution
- Osmosis
Answer Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
- Diffusion
Answer Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
- An increase in sodium and osmolality is associated with what?
Answer A deficien- cy in water
- acid-base balance
Answer Lungs (respiratory) excrete/expel carbon dioxide through expiration to prevent an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
Kidneys (metabolic) excrete/eliminate hydrogen ions through urination and generate bicarb to maintain blood pH
- Manifestations of metabolic acidosis
- / 4