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NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM| COMPLETE
250 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS/ GRADED A+
What is pathogenesis? - ANSWER - development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations? - ANSWER - Signs and symptoms of disorder.
What are treatment implications? - ANSWER - Which combine the ethology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition per individual.
What are signs? - ANSWER - Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
What are symptoms? - ANSWER - Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation syndrome? - ANSWER - disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart disease. 1 / 4
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pg. 2 Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER - Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - ANSWER - activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - ANSWER - helps to slow down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - ANSWER - Stimulates the fight or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released.
Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - ANSWER - released by ACTH reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response - ANSWER - Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit
GI/GU. 2 / 4
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pg. 3 What is epidemiology? - ANSWER - study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people.
What are the levels of disease prevention? - ANSWER - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Explain Primary Prevention - ANSWER - "Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people.
Examples of Primary Prevention - ANSWER - Vaccinations and Handwashing
Explain Secondary Prevention - ANSWER - "Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention - ANSWER - PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER - "Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER - Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADLs after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers. 3 / 4
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pg. 4 What is homeostasis? - ANSWER - a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
What is allostasis? - ANSWER - ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve
homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower one’s body temp.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWER - alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER - Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER - the activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER - Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that can lead to disease or death.
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