NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1 2022 What is Pathophysiology - correct answeris the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body.What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - correct answerEtiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications What is etiology - correct answerstudy of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.What is pathogenesis? - correct answerdevelopment or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.What are clinical manifestations? - correct answerSigns and symptoms of disorder.What are treatment implications? - correct answerWhich combine the etology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition per individual.What are signs? - correct answerObjective or observed manifestations of disease.What are symptoms? - correct answerSubjective feelings of abnormality in the body.What is objective data - correct answerWhat you observe and can measure.What are examples of objective data? - correct answerrash, low blood pressure, bleeding What is subjective data? - correct answerWhat the patient may report to you What are examples of subjective data? - correct answerpain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.What is epidemiology? - correct answerstudy of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people.What are the levels of disease prevention? - correct answerPrimary, Secondary, Tertiary Explain Primary Prevention - correct answer"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people.Examples of Primary Prevention - correct answerVaccinations and Handwashing 1 / 3
Explain Secondary Prevention - correct answer"Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads Examples of Secondary Prevention - correct answerPAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram Explain Tertiary Prevention - correct answer"Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition Examples of Tertiary Prevention - correct answerRehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.What is homeostasis? - correct answera state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.What is allostasis? - correct answerability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp.Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - correct answeralarm, resistance, exhaustion Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - correct answerWhere the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead.Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work.Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - correct answerthe activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - correct answerOccurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that can lead to disease or death.What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation syndrome? - correct answerdisease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart disease.Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - correct answerCorticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - correct answeractivates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone. 2 / 3
Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - correct answerhelps to slow down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - correct answerStimulates the fight or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released.Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - correct answerreleased by ACTH reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response - correct answerPupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response - correct answerPupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action.role of nucleus - correct answercontrol center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can have 1 or more (liver cells), or none (RBCs).role of mitochondria - correct answerPowerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA.Role of ribosome - correct answerproduces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein. Can be floating or attached to the Rough ER.Role of lysosomes - correct answerhelps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues.Role of rough ER - correct answerfolded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membranes.role of smooth ER - correct answerribosomes not attached to smooth ER, helps in the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage.Role of peroxisome - correct answermembrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes.
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