NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Final Review
- Cirrhosis (end stage liver disease)
- irreversible end-stage of many different hepatic injuries
Answer
Alcoholism, acute hepatitis, toxic hepatitis (taking too much Tylenol), and liver is fibrotic a
- What is another name for cirrhosis?
- End stage lover disease
Answer
- What happens to albumin production with liver failure?
- Albumin production decreases during liver failure
Answer
- What role does albumin play in the blood?
Answer Albumin primarily binds to water and keeps water in our body (VERY IMPORTANT)
- signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI)
- Hypotension, renal artery obstruction (blood clot), fever, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, overuse of
Answer
diuretics, hem- orrhage, severe sepsis, and hear failure.
- What are the function of the kidneys?
- Get rid of excess fluid, manage blood volumes (BP), nutrients and ion concentrations (Acids
Answer
& Base).
- How do we assess for renal disorders?
- checking for flank pain (CVA Tender- ness) at the costovertebral angle. 1 / 4
Answer
- What is cystic kidney disease?
Answer Genetically transmitted renal disorder resulting in fluid-filled cysts; localized to one area or can affect both kidneys.
- What causes cystic kidney disease?
- Genetics
Answer
- . Nephrons
Answer each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule, through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine
- Hematuria
Answer Blood within urine
- Proteinuria
Answer Protein in urine
- Nephrolithiasis (Renal calculi)
Answer Kidney stones (crystal aggregates composed of organic and inorganic materials located within the urinary tract)
- Pyelonephritis
- Infection of kidney
Answer
- Cystitis
Answer inflammation of the bladder lining 2 / 4
- Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Causes
- Disruptions in fluid (fluid overload), elec- trolyte, and acid-base balances.
Answer
-Electrolytes are unable to get rid of potassium which leads up to hypertension which can escalate to further cardiac issues.
- Retention of nitrogenous waste products (due to waste not being able to come out)
- Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
-Increased serum creatinine
- Sites of Disruption
- prerenal, postrenal, intrinsic
Answer
- Prerenal
- Disruption/diminishing to renal perfusion (something is affecting the flow of blood to the
Answer
kidney) Ex. Blood clot, heart failure, hypotension, and severe sepsis.
- Postrenal
- Disruption to urine flow distal to the kidney (Ex. Stone, ureter damage, enlarged prostate, and
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urethra damage).
Leads to acute tubular necrosis (intrinsic) and irreversible kidney damage. (backflow of urine causes the damage)
- Intrinsic
- Damage/disruptions within the kidney blood vessels, tubules, or glomeruli (Ex. Tumors and
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medications).
Causes
Answer Nephrotoxic insult (certain medications), chemotherapy, contrast me- dia(dye), and prolonged 3 / 4
postrenal failure.
- What is compartment syndrome?
- Dangerous complication of soft-tissue injury results from swelling of injured tissue within a
Answer
restrictive fascia.
- Why does Compartment Syndrome occur and what are the signs?
Answer Causes
- decreased compartment size, increased compartment content, or externally ap- plied pressure.
Edema causes increased pressure in the compartment; pressure reduces capillary flow; muscle and nerves become ischemic.
If pressure not reduced, tissue necrosis occurs
- What are the 5 P's?
Answer
- PAIN, PALLOR, PULSELESSNESS, PARATHESIS, AND PARALYSIS
- What are pressure ulcers?
- Pressure Ulcers are Localized areas of cellular necrosis resulting from prolonged pressure
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between any bony prominence and an external object such as a bed or wheelchair.
- How are pressure ulcers staged and how can we prevent them?
- Most common in bedridden or elderly patients.
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Can be prevented by constantly changing the patients' position.
- What are electrolyte reservoirs?
- Electrolyte reservoirs- easily deposited to maintain balance
- / 4
Answer