pg. 1 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Latest 2024 -2025 Exam/ Actual Exam Questions with Correct Detailed Answers (Graded A+)
What is Pathophysiology - Correct Answer - is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - Correct Answer - Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
Role of ribosome - Correct Answer - produces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein. Can be floating or attached to the Rough ER.
Role of lysosomes - Correct Answer - helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues.
Role of rough ER - Correct Answer - folded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membranes.
role of smooth ER - Correct Answer - ribosomes not attached to smooth ER, helps in the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage.
Role of peroxisome - Correct Answer - membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes.
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pg. 2 Role of Golgi body - Correct Answer - stacked membranes that act as the sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in and out of cell.
Where is extracellular fluid found? - Correct Answer - outside the cell
Where is ECF located in the body? - Correct Answer - found in the plasma, lymph, CSF, eye humors, synovial fluid, and the GI secretions.
What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia? - Correct Answer - Neurological dysfunction from swelling of the brain.
What is hyperkalemia? - Correct Answer - high potassium K> 5.0
What things can cause hyperkalemia? - Correct Answer - renal failure, severe burns, injury, too much K supplements.
What are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia? - Correct Answer - Intestinal cramping, diarrhea, irregular heart rate, EKG changes.
What is hypokalemia? - Correct Answer - Low potassium K<3.5
What things can cause hypokalemia? - Correct Answer - Vomiting, diarrhea, improper diet, no, Lasix use, increased insulin and epinephrine use.
What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia? - Correct Answer - Muscle weakness, paralysis, irregular heart rate, EKG changes.
What is hyperkalemia? - Correct Answer - High Calcium Ca> 10.2
What things can cause hyperkalemia? - Correct Answer - overactive parathyroid, excessive vitamin D, leukemia, (osteoclasts breaking down too much). 2 / 3
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What are signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia/hypermagnesemia? - Correct Answer - diminished reflexes, headaches, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness, kidney stones, cardiac arrhythmias.
What is hypocalcemia? - Correct Answer - low calcium Ca<8.5
What are causes of hypocalcemia? - Correct Answer - vitamin D deficiency, burns, poor nutrition, alkalosis, underactive thyroid.
What are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia/ hypomagnesemia? - Correct Answer - increased muscle excitability, hyperactive reflexes, tingling in the muscles, tetany, positive trousseau and Chvostek signs, tremors.
Where is intracellular fluid located? - Correct Answer - inside the cell
Where is intracellular fluid found in the body? - Correct Answer - found inside of cells, cytosol.
Which electrolytes are found at high concentrations in the ECF? - Correct Answer - sodium, chloride and sodium bicarb.
Which electrolytes are found at high concentrations in the ICF - Correct Answer - potassium, magnesium and hydrogen phosphate, and low concentration of sodium and chloride.
What is passive transport? - Correct Answer - substances move from a high to low concentration, without energy. Natural
What is active transport? - Correct Answer - substances move against their concentration gradient with the help of ATP. Low to High.
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