NUR 265 Exam 1: Questions & Answers
What is nephrotic syndrome?(Ans- A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome?(Ans- -*Massive proteinuria* -*Hypoalbuminemia* -*Edema (facial and periorbital)* -Lipiduria -Hyperlipidemia -Increased coagulation -Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what?(Ans- 3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with?(Ans- -immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine) -statins (improve blood lipid levels). 1 / 3
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI (Ans- creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and GFR reduced by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI (Ans- creatinine x2 & GFR reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI (Ans- creatinine x3 normal, & GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples.(Ans- Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs -Severe dehydration -Renal artery stenosis -MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output -Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples.(Ans- Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli -Sepsis -Intrarenal bleeding -Pyelonephritis 2 / 3
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples.(Ans- Obstruction that occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH) -Bladder Cancer -Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?(Ans- Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys?(Ans- 65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs?(Ans-
-NSAIDS
-Metformin -Diuretics -Antibiotics (especially -mycin) -Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored?(Ans- Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater than input
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