NUR 325 Week Ten
- Diabetes mellitus
Answer Diabetes affect multiple systems in the body Diabetes involves æ Abnormal insulin production and/or æ Abnormal insulin utilization Most common types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2
- Social & environmental factors
Answer Rates of diabetes are influenced by the social determinants of health including
Income Education Employment & working conditions Food security Neighbourhood
- Insulin
Answer Insulin is a hormone produced by the ²cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
Insulin is usually released continuously into the blood stream in small increments Facilitates glucose transport from the bloodstream across the cell membrane into the cell
- Counter-regulatory hormones
Answer Glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone & cortisol
They increase levels of blood glucose by stimulating glucose production by the liver, and decreasing the movement of glucose into cells The actions of insulin and the counter-regulatory hormones ensure that the glucose level is kept within the normal range, including during eating, and during periods of fasting, for energy 1 / 3
- Normal endogenous insulin secretion
Answer
- Action of insulin
Answer Insulin facilitates glucose transport from the bloodstream across the cell membrane into the cell Release of insulin after a meal
æ Stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle æ Inhibits gluconeogenesis (the production of glucose) æ Enhances fat deposition in adipose tissue æ Increases protein synthesis
- Type 1 diabetes
Answer Most often occurs in people under 30 years of age Peak onset at age 12
Approximately 5-10% of Canadians with diabetes have type 1 diabetes 10-15% of patients with new onset of type 1 diabetes have a first degree relative (parent or sibling) with type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune disease Progressive destruction of the pancreatic beta cells over months to years Signs of insulin deficiency & hyperglycemia appear when 80-90% of insulin-secret- ing beta cells of the pancreas have been destroyed
- Clinical manifestations of type 1 diabetes
Answer 80-90% of beta cells destroyed
• Polydipsia 2 / 3
• Polyuria • Polyphagia • Weight loss • Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Polydipsia
Answer This water movement leads to intracellular dehydrati
- Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
Answer Stimulate thirst Stimulate release of ADH from the pituitary gland
- Processes in the nephron
Answer
- Polyuria
Answer
- Polyphagia
- / 3
Answer Glucose is our main source of energy from food We need insulin to use this glucose for energy