NUR 339 EXAM 3
- What are protooncogenes?
Normal cellular genes that regulate cell prolifera- tion and differentiation that can become oncogenes
- What are oncogenes?
Genes that cause cancer
- What are tumor suppressor genes?
"Anti-oncogenes" that protect cells on path to cancer genes that normally prevent cell division
- What is carcinogenesis?
When normal cells are transformed into cancer cells
- What is neoplasia?
Formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue
- Describe benign tumors
-Noncancerous
-Cells resemble normal cells -Doesn't metastasize -Local effects -Slow growth -Limited loss of function and death
- Describe malignant tumors 1 / 4
-Cancerous
-Do not resemble normal cells -Metastasizes -Generalized body effects (not local) -Fast growth -Tissue damage and death if not treated
- What is the first step of carcinogenesis?
Initiation (changes in cell DNA, caused by carcinogens)
- Describe the second step of carcinogenesis
Promotion (expansion of initiated cells)
-From repeated exposure to promoting agents (cocarcinogens) -Reversible if promoting agent removed
- At what stage of carcinogenesis can cancer still be stopped or reversed?-
At the second stage, cancer is reversible if the promoting agent is removed
- Describe proliferation
Neoplasia (uncontrolled growth with no physiologic de- mand, seen in malignant cells)
- What are some examples of viral/bacterial carcinogens and examples of them?
Viruses/bacteria (h.pylori)
- What are some examples of physical agent carcinogens and examples of them?
Physical agents (uv light, radiation) 2 / 4
- What are some examples of chemical agent carcinogens and examples of them?
Chemical agents (tobacco, pesticides, asbestos)
- What are some examples of hematologic neoplasias?
Bone and lymph tissue
Ex. leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma
- Which type of neoplasm is from epithelial tissues?
Carcinoma (skin and soft body tissue like mucous membranes and viscera)
- Which type of neoplasm is from connective tissues?
Sarcoma (everything other than skin and soft body tissue like bone, muscle, cartilage, fat)
- What is staging?
-TNM (tumor, lymph nodes, metastasis)
-T
1-4, N
0-3, M
0-1
- What is grading?
- / 4
-Grade I through IV
-Grade I is well differentiated, grade IV is poorly differentiated
- What are the clinical manifestations of cancer?
-Weight loss
-Anorexia -Anemia -Clotting or bleeding -Pain -Immunosuppression -Infection
- What is the difference between control and palliative care?
-Control
pro- longed survival and containment of malignant growth
-Palliative
relief of symptoms and maintain quality of life
- Where are cancer drugs metabolized and excreted?
Metabolized in the liver excreted in the urine
- Where do alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide) work in the cell cycle?
-
Cell cycle nonspecific?
- How do alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide) work?
- / 4