NUR 631 Exam 6 - Answer usually partial, causing sensory impairm...

NUR 631 Exam 6

• Transverse myelitis

Answer usually partial, causing sensory impairment, weakness, and bladder dysfunction (Examination abnormalities quadriparesis, sensory level, position sense loss, spasticity, ankle clonus, positive Babinski sign.)

Optic neuritis

usually unilateral, causing painful vision loss (Examination abnormalities relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), decreased color vision (especially red desaturation), decreased visual acuity.) Brainstem syndrome

• interstitial pneumonia

Answer Honeycomb appearance

• Name examples of Hematogenous pneumonia

Answer sepsis spread to other sites. Endocarditis spread to another site in the lung.

• Examples of cavitation pneumonia?

Answer Fungal infections or TB or cancer

• Bronchopneumonia Pneumonia characteristics 1 / 4

Answer more than 1 lobes of the lung

• Atelectasis characteristics

Answer Atelectasis of an entire lung = loss of volume of the affected lung.

Visceral and parietal pleura does NOT separate from each other.There is a shift of the heart and hemidiaphragm toward the side of opacification (toward the side of volume loss).Air bronchograms may be present.

• types of pneumonia

Answer

• Pneumonia is airspace disease and consolidation. The airspaces are filled with bacteria or

other microorganism and pus.

• Pneumonia is not associated with volume loss.

• Acute lobar pneumonia

• Bronchopneumonia (Lobular)

• Interstitial pneumonia

• Hematogenous spread
• Cavitation pneumonia

• Kerley B lines on Xray signify.

Answer Interstitial edema

• patients with pulmonary edema would show what on Xray?

Answer a batwing opac- ity. 2 / 4

• cardiogenic pulmonary edema characteristics

Answer Mediastinal widening Pleural effusion

Cardiomegaly Peribronchial cuffing Kerley B lines Opacities involving both the central and peripheral lungs Reduced lung volume

• non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema characteristics

Answer Cardiac size typically normal Pulmonary opacities radiating centrally from the hila "Batwing" appearance Air bronchograms Lung volume normal or increased

• what does a lateral view allow you to see?

Answer

• Allows you to see behind the heart and diaphragmatic dome;

• Usually used with a PA view to help establish a 3-dimensional position of organs or abnormal

densities;

13. PA

Answer

• feet behind patient pt stands against the film

for stable, BLE TO FOLLOW DIRECTIONS AND TAKE A DEPP BREATH.The Heart is closer to the xray machine

• AP view

Answer

• pt that can't stand up., is sicker and unable to follow directions.

• the distance 4 feet away from the x-ray machine, would cause the heart to look larger and less

defined. 3 / 4

• Lateral Decubitus Film

Answer Patient lies on either the right or left side Radiograph is labeled according to the side that is placed down (so left lateral decubitus means the pt's left side is down against the film).

Use this technique to evaluate pleural effusion or pneumothorax that is not easily observed in an upright view.

• Is The Patient Rotated?

Answer

• Rotation distorts the appearance of the heart and mediastinal structures

• To determine if the patient is rotated

The symmetric appearance of the clavicles (move towards the shoulder at the same angle on both sides)

• Equal distance between medial edges of left and right clavicles and the trachea Spinous

processes are seen on the midline within the trachea.

• Lung Volume Makes A Difference. Tell patient to inhale and hold breath.

Answer -

Two films from the same patient. Notice the differences in the size of the heart and width of the mediastinum

• More than 10 posterior ribs would indicate hyperinflation disease like emphysema, or COPD
• If the patient has less than 9, poor inspiratory effort, restrictive lung disease, pneumonia.

• What should you see on x-ray that shows patient has a good inspiratory effort?

Answer 8-9 ribs is a good inspiratory effort.

• which ribs are free floating?

Answer 11-12

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