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NUR242 / NUR 242 EXAM: MEDICAL -SURGICAL
NURSING CONCEPTS | QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES | 100%
CORRECT | GRADE A – GALEN
### Cardiovascular Conditions and Pharmacology
QUESTION: What are three ways organisms reach the lungs?
Answer: 3 ways organisms reach lungs 1. aspiration from
nasopharynx or oropharynx 2. inhalation of microbes present in the air 3. hematogenous spread from primary infection elsewhere in body
QUESTION: What is acute heart failure?
Answer: acute heart failure sudden change in the heart's ability
to contract ↑ demands - fluid overload, hyperthyroidism, PE
QUESTION: What is acute peripheral arterial occlusion, its
signs, and treatment?
Answer: Acute Peripheral Arterial Occlusion Embolism blocks
peripheral circulation -May be thrombus Rapid onset -6 Ps - pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, paralysis, poiklothermy (coolness) Prompt treatment to preserve tissue -Heparin to prevent further clot development Surgery to remove occlusion thrombectomy embolectomy Assess for improvement first 24 hours -peripheral vascular assessment Risk PE - chest pain, dyspnea, confusion are S&S
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QUESTION: What is afterload?
Answer: Afterload amount of force needed to eject blood from
the ventricles
QUESTION: How do ACE inhibitors differ from ARBs?
Answer: ACE inhibitors vs. ARBS -ARBs selectively block the
angiotensin 2 from the angiotensin 1 receptors found in many tissues -ACE inhibitors inhibit the angiotensin converting enzyme in the formation of angiotensin 2
QUESTION: What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of
adrenergic inhibitors?
Answer: Adrenergic Inhibitors MOA •Alpha and beta blockers
(these are the "olol" drugs) African Americans do not respond •Monitor apical pulse rate •Monitor for shortness of breath •Instruct client to report any difficulty in sexual function, fatigue, weakness or depression •Monitor blood glucose levels
QUESTION: What is alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency?
Answer: Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency -a protein made in the
liver. -Normally, the protein goes into the bloodstream and helps protect the body's organs from the harmful effects of other proteins. -One of the main organs it protects is the lungs.
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QUESTION: What is angina?
Answer: angina a condition of episodes of severe chest pain due
to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
QUESTION: What diagnostics are used for angina?
Answer: angina diagnostics Rule-out MI first Medical history -
Pre-existing conditions -Surgeries -Family history Diagnostic - ECG -Troponin markers -Lipids Physical assessment Cardiac assessment -Pain assessment RT angina episodes -COLDSPA - Prescription Medications /OTC / herbal preparations
QUESTION: What medications are used for angina?
Answer: Angina medications nitrates (vasodilates) beta blockers
(decrease workload on heart, decrease SNS response, olol) calcium channel blockers (decrease contractility)
QUESTION: What are the risk factors for angina?
Answer: Angina Risk Factors - CAD - atherosclerosis - HTN -
Dietary habits -Social history/lifestyle -Allergies
QUESTION: What are angiotensin inhibitors, and what should
be monitored?
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Answer: Angiotensin inhibitors ACE inhibitors - Inhibit ACE ->
reduces angiotensin II -"prils" - Inhibit breakdown of bradykinin, which may cause coughing as the main SE •Monitor for hypotension •Monitor labs for renal function
QUESTION: What are antilipemic drugs, their examples, and
actions?
Answer: Antilipemic Drugs atorvastatin calcium (Lipitor),
simvastatin (Zocor) Fiber acid derivatives -bind to cholesterol and eliminate in feces gemfibrozil (Lopid) Nicotinic acid (Niacin) -Action unclear, may inhibit release of fatty acids from adipose tissue & increase triglyceride removal from plasma Bile Acid Sequestrants - cholestyramine (Questran) -bind to bile salts in intestine, prevents absorption of cholesterol, eliminated in feces Actions -Reduce cholesterol -Decrease LDL & triglycerides, -increase HDL -Most statins inhibit cholesterol synthesis in liver
QUESTION: What is the arterial baroreceptor system, and how
does it function?
Answer: arterial baroreceptor system Found carotid sinus, aorta,
wall of left ventricle -Reason for failure in HTN unclear - Monitors level of arterial pressure & reacts to increase or
decrease If B/P is increased: counteracts rise in arterial pressure
by vagally mediated cardiac slowing and vasodilatation -Reacts