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18 NURS 231 Pathophys Module 5 1.The respiratory system can be divided into what 2 structures?ANS Conducting airways and respiratory tissues 2.What are the levels of branching?ANS Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli 3.Where is the site of gas exchange?ANS Alveoli 4.What cells are in the alveolar epithelium?ANS Type 1 and II alveolar cells, macrophages 5.Describe what happens during inspiration and expiration ANS During inspiration, air is drawn into the lungs as the respiratory muscles expand the chest cavity. During expiration, air moves out of the lungs as the chest muscles relax and the chest cavity becomes smaller.
6.What occurs with the diaphragm during inspiration and expiration?ANS The diaphragm is the main muscle of inspiration. When the diaphragm contracts (inspira- tion), the chest expands. Upon expiration, the chest cavity decreases and pressure inside increases. 1 / 3
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18 7.What is lung compliance? What factors affect it?ANS Lung compliance is the ease with which lungs can be inflated. Elastin, collagen, elastic recoil, and surface tension can affect lung compliance.
8.Lung Volumes ANS The amount of air exchanged from a single event during ventila- tion (measure by a spirometer) 9.Tidal Volume (Vt) ANS normal volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath 10.Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) ANS amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after taking a normal breath 11.Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) ANS Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after taking a normal breath 12.Residual Volume (RV) ANS Air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration (cant be measured with spirometer) 13.Vital Capacity (VC) ANS amount of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation. (VC=Vt + IRV + ERV) 14.Inspiratory Capacity (IC) ANS Max amount of air that can be inhaled following a normal expiration (IC= Vt + 2 / 3
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18 IRV) 15.Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) ANS the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration (FRC=
RV + ERV)
16.Total Lung Capacity (TLC) ANS sum of all lung volumes (TLC= IRV + Vt + ERV + RV) 17.pulmonary function tests ANS Observe pulmonary flow in relation to time. Used to diagnose respiratory disease or to examine respiratory complaints. Or can be used as a pre op anesthesia or surgical risk evaluation
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