NURS 5315: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA EXAM 1
LATEST UPDATED
Question :Atrophy
Correct answer:E. Cells decrease in size
- Still functional
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse
Question :Hypertrophy
Correct answer:E. Increase in cell size
- Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
Question :Hyperplasia
Correct answer:E. Increase in cell number
- Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
Question :Dysplasia
Correct answer:E. Cells change in size, shape, organization
- AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
Question :Metaplasia
Correct answer:E. one cell type replaced with another
- reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t
cigarette smoke
Question :Hypoxia injury
Correct answer:E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
- decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production
of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Question :Free radical and ROS
Correct answer:E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will
overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
- lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Question :Ethanol
Correct answer:E. mood altering drug, long term effects on
liver and nutritional status
- metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Question :Oncosis
Correct answer:Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.
Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale.Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Question :Fatty Infiltration
Correct answer:intracellular accumulation of lipids in the
liver liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
Question :dystrophic calcification
Correct answer:accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
Question :metastatic calcification
Correct answer:accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
Question :urate accumulation
Correct answer:sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues-
group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Question :Coagulative Necrosis
Correct answer:kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to
hypoxia
Question :Liquefactive Necrosis
Correct answer:nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Question :Caseous Necrosis
Correct answer:lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
Question :Fat Necrosis
Correct answer:breast, pancreas, abdominal structures-
creates soaps