NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHO PHYSIOLOGY

NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHO PHYSIOLOGY

EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED

ANSWERS AGRADE

RATED

Dysplasia - ANSWER✔✔E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)

• caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical

hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation

Physiologic: N/A

Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast

cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx Metaplasia - ANSWER✔✔E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors 1 / 4

Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia

Atrophy - ANSWER✔✔E. Cells decrease in size

• Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially

there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell

Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood

Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood

supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation) Hyperplasia - ANSWER✔✔E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors 2 / 4

Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy Hypoxia injury - ANSWER✔✔E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues

• decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases

anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy Free radical and ROS - ANSWER✔✔E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants

• lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA

C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Ethanol - ANSWER✔✔E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status

• metabolized by liver, generates free radicals

C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible Oncosis - ANSWER✔✔Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections 3 / 4

Fatty Infiltration - ANSWER✔✔intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis dystrophic calcification - ANSWER✔✔accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis metastatic calcification - ANSWER✔✔accumulation of Ca in normal tissue result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D.Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure urate accumulation - ANSWER✔✔sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis Coagulative Necrosis - ANSWER✔✔kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia Liquefactive Necrosis - ANSWER✔✔nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus Caseous Necrosis - ANSWER✔✔lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese Fat Necrosis - ANSWER✔✔breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps Gangrenous Necrosis - ANSWER✔✔Dry- dark shriveled skin

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