NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Questions with 100% Verified Correct Answers
2024/2025
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - Correct Answer Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver* The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - Correct Answer 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
- Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
- Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and
- Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
- Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
- Transition of metals
- Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
lipogenesis What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - Correct Answer Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria What is the body's defense against ROS? - Correct Answer Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin) How are free radicals produced? - Correct Answer 1. Normal cellular respiration
action potential - Correct Answer Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes Threshold potential - Correct Answer Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential 1 / 2
Hypokalemia and action potentials - Correct Answer HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias Hyperkalemia and action potentials - Correct Answer HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0).More excitable. Peaked T waves.When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis Hypocalcemia and action potentials - Correct Answer Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable.Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.Hypercalcemia and action potentials - Correct Answer Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable.Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves Atrophy - Correct Answer Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.Atrophy examples - Correct Answer Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed Hypertrophy - Correct Answer Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ.Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.Hypertrophy examples - Correct Answer physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy* Hyperplasia - Correct Answer Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis.Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
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