NURS 611 - Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 1
Question:
ADH (water retention) and perception of thirst are stimulated by?
Answer:
Increased plasma osmolality
Question:
Osmolality increases or decreases with dehydration?
Answer:
Increases
Question:
Osmolality increases or decreases with over hydration
Answer:
Decreases
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Question:
What is a normal sodium level?
Answer:
135-145 meq/l
Question:
Sodium is
Answer:
Regulator of fluids, responsible for conduction of nerve impulses
Question:
Causes of hypernatremia
Answer:
- Inadequate free water intake
- Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution
- Over secretion of aldosterone
Question:
Clinical manifestations of Hypernatremia
Answer:
Confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, coma because there is too much sodium in the vascular space, so water is drawn from the cell to 2 / 4
compensate. This can cause the cells in the brain to shrink and this causes the above problems
Question:
Causes of Hyponatremia
Answer:
1. Sodium deficit: vomiting, diuretics, diarrhea
- Diluted I.V. solutions hypotonic like d5w
- Kidney failure
- Liver failure
Question:
Signs and symptoms of Hyponatremia
Answer:
Headache, lethargy, confusion, seizurres, coma
Question:
Normal Potassium levels
Answer:
3.5-5.0
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Question:
Potassium is the major determinant of
Answer:
Resting membrane potential which transmits nerve impulses
Question:
Causes of Hyperkalemia
Answer:
Renal Failure, Addison's disease, insulin deficiency, metabolic acidosis, massive trauma
Question:
How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?
Answer:
Insulin transports potassium and glucose from the blood to the cell . Insulin contributes to the regulation of plasma potassium levels by stimulating the Na, K, ATPase pump, therefore promoting movement of potassium into the liver and muscle cells simultaneously with glucose
Question:
Symptoms of Hyperkalemia
Answer:
Fatigue, N/V, trouble breathing, cardiac arrrythmias
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