NURS 611 - Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 3
Question:
What is dyspnea
Answer:
often described as breathless, air hunger, SOB, labored breathing, and preoccupation with breathing
Question:
When is dyspnea seen
Answer:
common symptom of respiratory disease.
Question:
Dyspnea is a result of___:
Answer:
decrease pH, increase PaCO2, and decreased PaO2, stimulation of stretcher or J-receptor, and fatigue of teh intercostal muscle and diaphragm
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Question:
What is promixmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
Answer:
its a dyspnea that occurs when an pt lies flat and is common with heart failure.
Question:
What causes PND
Answer:
from redistributes body water - fluid accumulates in the lung.
Question:
How is PND relieved
Answer:
repositioning such as sitting up or standing to relieve the pressure put on the respiratory muscles by the abdominal contents
Question:
How is oxygen transported in the blood
Answer:
in 2 forms - small amt dissolves in plasma and bound to HgB molecules
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Question:
How is respiration stimulated
Answer:
from impulses from the brainstem to the resp muscles causing them to contract and relax.
Question:
How is the basic automatic rhythm of respiration set
Answer:
by the DRG - a cluster of insp nerve cells located in the medulla that sends efferent impulses to the diaphragm and insp intercostals muscles
Question:
What does the beta 2 adrenergic receptors stimulation
Answer:
bronchodilation - which decreases resistances to airflow and vasodilation of the bronchial smooth muscles
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Question:
What substances can cause bronchoconstriction?
Answer:
occurs if the irritant receptors in the airway epithelium are stimulated by irritants in inspired air; by endogenous substances (histamines, serotonin, prostaglandins), by many drugs and humoral substances
Question:
What causes pulmonary artery constriction
Answer:
Low alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (PAO2)
Question:
What are the risk factors for pulmonary emboli?
Answer:
many conditions and disorders that promote blood cloting
Question:
What are the 3 categories that make the Virchow triad
Answer:
venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and injuries to the endothelial cells that line the vessels.
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