NURS 611 - Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 1
Question:
what causes hyperkalemia?
Answer:
1- renal failure 2- Addison’s disease (due to decrease production of aldosterone causes body to hold onto K+)
Question:
When should a person be investigated for hyperkalemia?
Answer:
1-hx of renal disease or failure 2-massive trauma 3-insulin deficiency 4- addison's disease 5- use of K+ salts or K+ rich foods 6-metabolic acidosis
- / 4
Question:
What happens when the ECF K+ increases without significant change in ICF K+?
Answer:
the resting membrane potential becomes more positive and the cell membrane is HYPOpolarized (inside becomes less negative) which increases the excitability demonstrated by tall peaked T-waves
Question:
Why do we see hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis together?
Answer:
hydrogen ions shift into the cells in exchange for ICF potassium
Question:
how is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?
Answer:
insulin transports K+ from the blood to the cell along with glucose which stimulates the Na+/K+ pump resulting in K+ moving into the cells with glucose after eating
- / 4
Question:
What are the causes of hypokalemia
Answer:
1-hyperaldosterone 2- hypernatremia 3- fluid volume excess
Question:
what are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?
Answer:
1- cardiac- flat t-waves, AV block, bradycardia 2- paralytic ileus (N&V)
Question:
normal range of calcium
Answer:
8.5-10.5
- / 4
Question:
causes of hypocalcemia?
Answer:
1- Hypoalbuminemia 2- massive blood administration 3- Decreases in PTH and Vit D levels 4- malnutrition 5-alkalosis 6-elevated calcitonin level 7-pancreatitis 8- inadequate GI absorption
Question:
Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia
Answer:
1- increased neuromuscular excitability 2-tingling and muscle spasms 3- hyperactive bowel sounds 4-osteoporosis
- / 4