NURS 661 Exam 1 Study Guide
Erikson's Stages of Development Infancy (birth to 18 months) (Ans- Trust vs. mistrust
Pathological Outcome: Psychosis, addictions, depression
Erikson's Stages of Development Early childhood (18 months to 3 years) (Ans- Autonomy vs. self-doubt
Pathological Outcome: Paranoia, obsessions, compulsions, impulsivity
Erikson's Stages of Development Late childhood (3 to 6 years) (Ans- Initiative vs. guilt
Pathological Outcome: Conversion disorder, phobias, psychosomatic
disorder
Erikson's Stages of Development School age (6 to 12 years) (Ans- Industry vs. inferiority
Pathological Outcome: Inertia, creative inhibition
Erikson's Stages of Development Adolescent (12 to 20 years) (Ans- Identity vs. role confusion
Pathological Outcome: Delinquency, gender-related identity disorders,
borderline psychotic episodes 1 / 3
Erikson's Stages of Development Young adult (20 to 30 years) (Ans- Intimacy vs. isolation
Pathological Outcome: Schizoid personality
Erikson's Stages of Development Adulthood (30 to 60 years) (Ans- Generativity vs. stagnation
Pathological Outcome: Midlife crisis, premature invalidism
Erikson's Stages of Development Old age (65 year to death) (Ans- Ego integrity vs. despair
Pathological Outcome: Extreme alienation, despair
Freud's Psychosexual Stages Oral (birth to 18 months)
(Ans- Task: to establish trust; comfortable expression and gratification of
oral needs
Problematic Traits: Excessive dependency; envy and jealousy; narcissism;
pessimism; excessive optimism
Freud's Psychosexual Stages Anal (18 months to 3 years)
(Ans- Task: learning independence and control
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Problematic Traits: Orderliness; obstinacy; frugality; heightened
ambivalence; messiness; defiance; rage; obsessive compulsive; sadomasochism
Freud's Psychosexual Stages Phallic/Oedipal (3 to 6 years)
(Ans- Task: identification with same sex parent; development of sexual
identity
Problematic Traits: sexual identity issues; castration in males; penis envy in
females; excessive guilt
Freud's Psychosexual Stages Latency (6 to 12 years)
(Ans- Task: sexuality sublimated; emphasis on same sex peers
Problematic Traits: inability to sublimate energies to learn; excessive inner
control; obsessive traits
Freud's Psychosexual Stages Genital (13 to 20 years)
(Ans- Task: establishment of separation from parents and mature non-
incestuous relationships with others
Problematic Traits: reworking all the previous developmental issues;
establishing a life not dependent on parents
Hippocampus following a traumatic event (Ans- For those who have been significantly traumatized, it is much harder to process any new experience if there are not enough cells in the hippocampus Decreased functioning of the hippocampus is caused by increased levels of cortisol combined with other substances, such as glutamate, which damages dendrites in the hippocampus and eventually causes cell death.Glucocorticoids secreted during a traumatic experience shut down the
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