NURS 8022 COMPLETE MODULES 1 - 3 LATEST

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NURS 8022 COMPLETE MODULES 1 - 3 LATEST

2024 – 2025 ALL POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTIONS

WITH CORRECT DETAILED (VERIFIED)

ANSWERS/ RATED A+

What maintains the osmolarity and acid-base balance of the blood - Correct Answer - Electrolytes and proteins

Functions of blood - Correct Answer - provide nutrients to cells, provide oxygen for cellular metabolism, removes by-products, carries the cells that protect the body against infection and invading organisms

• groups of plasma proteins - Correct Answer - albumin, clotting factors (mostly

fibrinogen), lipoproteins (triglycerides, cholesterol, fatty acids)

bone marrow - Correct Answer - primary site of residence of hematopoietic stem cells, also called myeloid tissue

• types of bone marrow - Correct Answer - red marrow (produce RBCs) and yellow

marrow (do not produce RBCs)

Difference between red and yellow bone marrow - Correct Answer - Red marrow produces RBCs, yellow marrow does not produce RBCs

Active bone marrow sites - Correct Answer - pelvic bones vertebrae cranium mandible 1 / 4

pg. 2 sternum ribs humerus femur

Factors that increase hematopoiesis - Correct Answer - (1) conversion of yellow bone marrow, which does not produce blood cells, to hematopoietic red marrow by the actions of erythropoietin (a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production) (2) faster differentiation of progenitor cells (3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor cells

Stem cell pool - Correct Answer - The product of self-renewal that maintains the number of pluripotent stem cells and partially committed progenitor cells

Bone marrow pool - Correct Answer - -contains cells that are proliferating and maturing in preparation for release into the circulation -mature cells are stored for later release into the peripheral blood

• factors that increase Hematopoiesis - Correct Answer - (1) conversion of yellow bone

marrow, which does not produce blood cells, to hematopoietic red marrow by the actions of erythropoietin (a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production); (2) faster differentiation of progenitor cells; and (3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor cells

Erythropoiesis - Correct Answer - production of RBCs

Sequence of erythropoiesis - Correct Answer - Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell --> committed Proerythroblast/PR normoblast --> Erythroblast/Normoblast (Hgb synthesis begins) --> Reticulocyte (nucleus is lost; 3 days spent in bone marrow, about 1 day in blood) --> Erythrocyte

** approx. 1% of RBCs are reticulocytes ** 2 / 4

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In each step the quantity of hemoglobin increases and the nucleus decreases in size

Erythropoietin - Correct Answer - A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow

Always present in plasma

Released in response to low renal oxygenation

• NOT the # of RBCs but rather oxygen delivery
• e RBC production increases within 24 hours; life span 4-12 hours; increased RBC # in
• days
• Given to dialysis and chemo patients

Reticulocytes - Correct Answer - ▪ Last immature form of erythroblast

▪ Contains polyribosomes (globin synthesis) and mitochondria (heme synthesis)

▪ 24-48 hours after leaving bone marrow for circulation, matures into erythrocyte

• Loses polyribosomes and mitochondria

-Make up 1-2% of RBCs

• Last about 2 days in bone marrow and 1 day in blood continuing to mature
• During time of low HCT time in marrow decreased to as little as 1 day

▪ Reticulocyte count -- Indicates whether new RBCs are being produced; good indicator of erythropoiesis

Hemoglobin and its structure - Correct Answer - Oxygen-carrying protein of the erythrocyte --> may carry up to 300 hub molecules

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pg. 4 Reversible deformity to be able to squeeze through the tiniest of capillaries

Each Hgb molecule has 2 pairs of different globin chains and 4 complexes of iron + heme ▪ Heme: large, flat, iron-protoporphyrin disk that is synthesized in the mitochondria and can carry one molecule of oxygen ▪ Each Hgb can carry 4 molecules of oxygen

Heme vs Globin - Correct Answer - Heme: Synthesized in mitochondria of reticulocyte

• Carries Oxygen

Globin: Polyribosomes in reticulocytes

• 2 pairs of globin chains on each Hgb molecule
• Combo of pair determines type of globin chain

▪ Most common hub A: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains - hub F (fetal): 2 alpha, 2 gamma

Red blood cell structure - Correct Answer - Sac of Hgb, no nucleus or mitochondria, only hemoglobin & enzymes surrounded by membrane

-Lack mitochondria, rely on glycolysis for energy --> "aerobic metabolism"

▪ Deficiencies of 2 enzymes result in anemia • Pyruvate kinase - necessary for glycolysis - no glycolysis results in RBC damage and death • G6PD - involved in protecting the RBC against oxidative stress

Anisocytosis Poikilocytosis - Correct Answer - Variation in RBC size Variation in RBC shape

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