Nursing Pathophysiology Exam 1, Questions and answers. Graded A+
Pathophysiology - Ans-Study of the body's response to dysfunction
Disease - Ans-Interruption, cessation or disorder of a body system
Etiology - Ans-The cause of a disease
Clinical manifestations - Ans-Symptoms and chief complaints
Morphological changes - Ans-Structural changes that are a result of the disease process
Etiological factors - Ans-Biologic agents, physical forces, chemicals, nutritional excess or deficiency, genetic factors
What are the three mechanisms of cellular adaptation? - Ans-Size: atrophy and hypertrophy
Number: hyperplasia
Irregular shape: dysplasia (severe) and metaplasia (chronic)
Intercellular accumulation - Ans-Results from normal substances, abnormal endogenous or exogenous products
Dystrophic pathological calcification - Ans-In injured tissue, dead cells create calcium deposits that can cause aortic stenosis or be a result of a fracture or TB
Metastatic Pathological Calcifications - Ans-Caused by an increase of serum calcium levels in non-injured tissue
Chemical injuries - Ans-Lead, carbon tetrachloride, carbon monoxide, ethanol, mercury, street drugs 1 / 2
Asphyxiation injuries - Ans-Suffocation, strangulation, drowning
Hypoxic injuries - Ans-Ischemia (lack of blood flow) and anoxia (lack of oxygen)
What does cellular aging cause? - Ans-Atrophy, decreased functioning
Isotonic solutions - Ans-Will cause no change to cells 0.9% saline
Hypertonic solutions - Ans-Will cause cells to shrink/crenate 3% saline or 5% dextrose
Hypotonic solutions - Ans-Will cause cells to swell 0.45% saline
Edema - Ans-Accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces
What are causes of edema? - Ans-Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (fluid moves from capillary to interstitial space) Decrease in plasma osmotic pressure (decrease in RBC, plasma and proteins causing fluid to leak into tissues) Increase in capillary permeability (inflammation causes fluid to leak into surrounding tissues) Lymph obstruction
What are the functions of Na as a cation? - Ans-Neuromuscular irritability, acid base balance through the exchange of water and bicarb, chemical reactions and membrane transport
Hypernatremia - Ans-Na>147 Intercellular dehydration, convulsions, pulmonary edema, hypotension, tachycardia, pruny fingers
Hyponatremia - Ans-Na<135
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