1 Nursing Pathophysiology Final Exam Review/ Real Exam Questions with Correct Detailed Answers/ Rated A+
The diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is made when which of the following conditions are present? - ANS - Increased ADH level and low serum osmolality.Rationale: Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone occurs when there are increased levels of antidiuretic hormone in the blood compared with a low serum osmolality.
Decreased urine osmolality is a sign of: - ANS - Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body fluid movement, it is correct to state
that:
- Potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion.
- Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF) space.
- Water moves freely across membranes.
- Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane. - ANS - C) Water moves freely across the
capillary or cell membrane.Rationale: Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to water at the capillary membrane. Sodium is the major ECF cation, and potassium is the major ICF cation; this is due to the sodium-potassium pump.
When discussing aldosterone, it is correct to state that: - ANS - It is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
Rationale: Aldosterone is a minerocorticoid secreted from the adrenal gland that is located on the kidney. Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is increased or sodium is decreased. Therefore, it makes sense that aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption to increase a depleted supply. It also increases potassium secretion. 1 / 3
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When discussing hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine), it is correct to state that it: - ANS - Is a result of an underlying disorder.
Rationale: Hyperchloremia is usually related to an underlying disorder, and therefore, treatment is centered on the underlying disorder. It usually occurs with an increase in sodium and a deficit of bicarbonate. There are normally no specific symptoms associated with this syndrome.
While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____ conducts action potentials down the atrioventricular septum. - ANS - Bundle of His
Which of the following patient would be most prone to metabolic acidosis? A patient with: - ANS - Diabetes whose glucoses are uncontrolled
A 76-year-old patient had the following arterial blood gas sample after his stomach surgery in which his gastric content and fluid were removed: pH 7.55, PCO2 50, HCO3 35. What acidbase imbalance is most likely in this patient? - ANS - Metabolic alkalosis, compensating
A nursing student is studying about cancer and the associated risks for cancer. The instructor knows the student understands cancer when which of the following are associated risks for cancer? - ANS - - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -hepatitis C virus (HCV) -hepatitis B virus (HBV) -human papillomavirus (HPV)
A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker.Which of the following could be a possible marker? - ANS – Enzymes
A 30-year-old homeless was seen in the emergency room with productive cough of bloodtinged 2 / 3
3 sputum. His chest x-ray showed granulomatous disease. Upon further questioning, he was found to have had tuberculosis (TB) in distant past. TB infections are likely to result in which of the following forms of necrosis? - ANS - caseous
When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that: - ANS - Two-thirds of the body's water is intracellular.Rationale: One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the extracellular compartment: interstitial and intravascular. Total body water is about 60% of body weight.
When discussing hyponatremia (low serum sodium), it is correct to state that it is generally: - ANS - An outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.Rationale: Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below 135 mEq/L. It can occur due to burns, vomiting, diarrhea, or gastrointestinal suctioning. It can also occur with an increase in TBW.Inadequate sodium intake can cause hyponatremia, but it is uncommon.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hyperkalemia (elevated serum potassium)? - ANS - It often occurs in acidosis.Rationale: Hyperkalemia (high potassium) often occurs with acidosis. During acidosis, hydrogen is taken up in the cell. When this occurs, it is exchanged for potassium and serum potassium rises. Dietary excesses are uncommon. An increase in aldosterone would cause hypokalemia, rather than hyperkalemia, because aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption while increasing K+ secretion into the renal tubule.
A patient has deep and rapid respirations. Laboratory tests reveal decreased pH and bicarbonate. This
patient is experiencing: - ANS - metabolic acidosis.
Rationale: A decrease in pH and bicarbonate occur with metabolic acidosis. Additionally, metabolic acidosis causes deep and rapid breathing, as the body tries to compensate by removing carbon dioxide.Metabolic alkalosis occurs if pH and bicarbonate levels are elevated. Respiratory acidosis occurs when pH is decreased and carbon dioxide is elevated, whereas respiratory alkalosis occurs when pH is elevated and carbon dioxide is decreased.
A common cause of the increased filtration of fluid from capillaries and lymph into surrounding tissues
(edema) includes: Select all that apply.
- Increased hydrostatic pressure.
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