ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate 2023/2024
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function The Normal Cell Cycle - Correct Answer -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division -Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular information Interphase and Mitotic Phase - Correct Answer Cell division produces two identical cells through these two major phases During interphase: - Correct Answer Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - Correct Answer -cells increase in size -reproduce RNA -"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA -Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days 1 / 3
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - Correct Answer -DNA replicates -Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids) -which are attached a t the centromere -lasts 2-10 hours Mitotic Phase (M phase) - Correct Answer -Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells -takes about 30-60 minutes Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - Correct Answer -G1 checkpoint -S Phase -G2 checkpoint -M phase Restriction Point - Correct Answer -The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur -During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point -Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return 2 / 3
G0 Phase (resting phase) - Correct Answer -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0 -Most cells in the human body reside in G0 -Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - Correct Answer -Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as -granulocytes -and the epithelium of the GI tract Cell Cycling Time - Correct Answer Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis Cell cycle video and image - Correct Answer
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/
animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - Correct Answer -The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints -Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer -These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - Correct Answer 1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
- Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
- / 3