Patho Hesi 2022-2023 Questions and

Patho Hesi 2022-2023 Questions and Answers 100% Pass

An initial disturbance in a system sets off a chain of events that does not favor stability and often

abruptly displaces a system from its steady state: what is that?

• positive feedback
• negative feedback
• disease
• homeostasis ✔✔A. Positive feedback

Positive Feedback ✔✔-less common

• Snowball Effect (some pain/ pressure gets worse and worse)

- examples: clots, sneezing, childbirth

• when childbirth starts there is an increase in hormone production which progressively gets

worse

• May use many means to correct one imbalance(NOT stable)
• Moves away from equilibrium
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amplifies change more of a product = more contractions, more clotting factors

Negative Feedback ✔✔- more common

• self regulating system that helps keep the balance (increase or decrease of output/production)
• If there is not enough it makes more, if there is enough it stops making it
• resist any changes from normal (example = glucose and temp regulation)

-example: thermoregulation- body temp decreases, heating mechanisms activated (shivering), body temp increases , cooling mechanisms activated (sweating)

reduces change

Disease ✔✔- the disruption in homeostasis or deviation from normal

• body is no longer functioning normally
• cellular process leads to disease

Homeostasis ✔✔- dynamic process that is always shifting/changing (give and take system)

• the body likes things just so (temp, pH, dilution, shape) 2 / 4

• equilibrium is necessary for all cells
• stable process, self regulating
• can affect proteins to be in proper function/ form, release of oxygen in the muscles

What organ shrinks with age?

• Prostate
• Gums
• Heart
• All of the above ✔✔B. Gums

Prostate Gland (increase/decrease) ✔✔- Chestnut-shaped gland at the base of the urethra in men

• produces fluid that mixes with sperm and secretions of the seminal vesicles
• prostate fluid further decreases acidity, increases sperm motility, and prolongs sperm life
• gets larger in size as men increase in age and can cause urethral problems

Gums (increase/decrease) ✔✔- around 40 gums start to recede and decrease in size 3 / 4

• inflammatory processes destroy gum tissue overtime and can cause pockets between the tooth,

which can trap bacteria

Heart (increase/decrease) ✔✔- can increase in size slightly as you age

• depends one one's heart wall muscles (can strengthen heart wall muscle through exercise)

Which of the following is true?

• an infant will have a slower heart rate than an adult
• the elderly have better temperature sensations
• there are more sweat glands in an elderly person
• there is less thirst perception in the elderly ✔✔D. there is less thirst perception in the elderly

There is less thirst perception in the elderly (T/F) ✔✔True

• the aging process alters the psychological control systems with thirst
• the elderly also can take medications that can lead to dehydration
• the elderly have less physical activity that does not stimulate the thirst perception
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