pg. 1 Pathophysiology Exam 1/ Actual Exam Questions with Correct Detailed Answers (Verified Answers) Graded A+
- types of cellular necrosis - Correct Answer - coagulation, liquefaction, caseous
mechanisms of cellular injury: - Correct Answer - hypoxic injury, radiation, free radical formation, infection, physical injury, chemical agents
physical agents in cell injury - Correct Answer - mechanical, temperature, electrical
radiation - Correct Answer - ionizing or nonionizing
necrosis - Correct Answer - cell death in an organ or tissue. cellular changes: nucleus shrinks, cell membrane ruptures, cell products, including enzymes split into intracellular space
gangrene - Correct Answer - considerable mass of necrotic tissue (wet, dry, gas)
inflammation - Correct Answer - reaction of tissue to local injury. normal protective response essential for wound healing, helps control local infection
vascular response in inflammation - Correct Answer - vasodilation and increased capillary permeability--> warmth, swelling, redness (leads to pain and loss of function)
cellular response in inflammation - Correct Answer - leukocytes drawn to area of injury
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pg. 2 cardinal signs of inflammation - Correct Answer - warmth, swelling, redness
inflammatory mediators - Correct Answer - histamine, prostaglandins, interleukins
histamine - Correct Answer - increases capillary permeability
prostaglandins - Correct Answer - triggers pain response
interleukins - Correct Answer - immune response chemicals that communicate with other parts of immune response
margination - Correct Answer - white blood cells surround the vessel
emigration - Correct Answer - white blood cells move from blood vessels to surrounding tissue and move through process of chemotaxis (set up chemical gradient)
WBCs involved in inflammatory response - Correct Answer - granulocytes lymphocytes basophils (mast) monocytes neutrophils
basophils - Correct Answer - WBC that releases histamine and heparin
monocytes - Correct Answer - WBC - second to arrive at site. called monocytes in blood stream. macrophages in tissues. function in phagocytosis
neutrophils (polymorphonuclear cells) - Correct Answer - first to arrive, large increase in numbers especially with bacterial infection (mature- segs, immature- bands)
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pg. 3 goal of healing and tissue repair, and two methods - Correct Answer - fill tissue gap and restore structural continuity -regeneration -fibrous scar tissue
osmotically active particles - Correct Answer - sodium, chlorine, urea, glucose
osmosis - Correct Answer - water pulled to area of higher particle concentration, can overcome force of gravity
hydrostatic pressure - Correct Answer - pushing force exerted by a liquid
colloidal osmotic pressure/ oncotic pressure - Correct Answer - puling force exerted by large molecules in the capillaries
at arterial end, blood pressure is.... - Correct Answer - blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure. Net pressure is outward, fluid is squeezed out of capillary by blood pressure
at the venous end, blood pressure is... - Correct Answer - blood pressure is lower than osmotic pressure. Net pressure is inward, fluid is pulled into capillaries by osmotic gradient
lymph drainage - Correct Answer - returns excess fluid and plasma proteins to the circulation
body fluid pH depends on relationship between - Correct Answer - bicarbonate HCO3- and carbonic acid H2CO3
normal ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid - Correct Answer - 20 molecules
bicarbonate: 1 molecule carbonic acid
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