Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions with 100% Verified Correct Answers The nurse is counseling a heavy smoker about the dangers of smoking. The nurse tells the smoker that the due to persistent irritation of the lungs from carcinogens, columnar cells may turn into squamous cells as a method of adaptation known as which of the following? - Correct Answer Metaplasia Metaplasia usually occurs in response to chronic irritation and inflammation and allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive under circumstances in which a more fragile cell type might succumb. An example of metaplasia is the adaptive substitution of stratified squamous epithelial cells for the ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the trachea and large airways of a habitual cigarette smoker.A patient is admitted with an alteration in arterial blood gases. Cellular injury is most likely to result from which of the following aspects of this abnormality? - Correct Answer Hypoxia Lack of oxygen or hypoxia is a common cause of cell injury. Hypocapnea, alkalemia, and hypercapnea are not typical mechanisms of injury. The other common major mechanisms of cell injury are free radical formation, adenosine triphosphate depletion and disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis.Which of the following statements is true concerning hyperplasia? - Correct Answer It's a response to stimulus Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ, not the size of cells, and is the response to a stimulus that is a controlled process that occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus.In a genetic disorder called xeroderma pigmentosum, an enzyme needed to repair sunlight-induced DNA damage is lacking. This autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by what? - Correct Answer Extreme photosensitivity and a greatly increased risk of skin cancer in skin that has been exposed to the sun Which of the following statements would a nurse tell a patient to best describe apoptosis? - Correct Answer "Apoptosis is the natural removal of injured or worn out cells." Apoptosis refers to natural cell death via the body's programmed removal of inured or worn out cells. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, and hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells. Necrosis is cell death of irreversibly damaged cell death or tissue which usually interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration. 1 / 3
Which of the following would help a nurse best describe a finding of hypertrophy on a lab report? - Correct Answer Increased size of the cell Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of the cell.Which of the following factors can increase the absorption of lead into a patient's system? - Correct Answer Decreased calcium levels in the blood A deficiency in calcium, iron, or zinc increases lead absorption.Which of the following exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy? - Correct Answer Muscle mass increase with exercise Hypertrophy that occurs as the result of normal physiologic conditions is seen as muscle mass increases with exercise. Heart size increase in hypertension is an example of pathologic increase, as is lung size increase in emphysema and cell increase with hypoxia.A patient with pulmonary hypertension has hypertrophy of the heart's right ventricle. Which of the following explanations is appropriate to tell the patient? - Correct Answer "The cells enlarge in your heart from the increased workload." Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased work demands. A client with pulmonary hypertension has increased pressure in the lungs, which the right side of the heart must pump against. The increased work causes cells to increase in size.The nurse in an infectious-disease clinic will primarily treat injuries to tissues and cells caused by: - Correct Answer biologic agents Injury from biologic agents derives from bacterial and viral infections. The injuries differ from the other forms because they are able to replicate and can continue to produce their injurious effects.The etiology of infections does not normally include oncogenic agents, chemical agents, or calcifications A client's condition has resulted in a decrease in work demands of most cells in the body; the anticipated result would be: - Correct Answer Decreased size of organelles 2 / 3
Explanation:
Cell atrophy results in a decreased number and size of cell organelles. With cell atrophy, the cell has decreased oxygen consumption and growth of the mitochondria. The cell decreases in size. When confronted with a decrease in work demands or adverse environmental conditions, most cells are able to revert to a smaller size and a lower and more efficient level of functioning that is compatible with survival. This decrease in cell size is called atrophy. Cellular death process is not affected.A client with diabetes who is diagnosed with a gangrenous right heel ulcer presents with a wound that has no line of demarcation, is spreading rapidly, and has a foul odor. The health care worker
recognizes these manifestations as: - Correct Answer Moist gangrene
Explanation:
In moist gangrene, there is no line of demarcation between the normal and diseased tissues, and the spread of tissue damage is rapid. Moist gangrene often results in a foul odor caused by bacterial action at the site. Dry gangrene has a clear demarcation and spreads slowly. Gas and internal gangrene do not apply to this client's symptoms.Which of the following should be included in the teaching plan of care for the parents of a child diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease? - Correct Answer The disorder involves accumulation of abnormal lipids.
Explanation:
In Tay-Sachs disease, a genetic disorder, abnormal lipids accumulate in the brain and other tissues, causing motor and mental deterioration beginning at approximately 6 months of age, followed by death at 2 to 5 years of age.What happens as a cell's workload declines? Select all that apply. - Correct Answer Oxygen consumption decreases.Protein synthesis decreases.Cell size decreases.
Explanation:
As the cell's workload declines, oxygen consumption decreases, protein synthesis decreases, and cell size decreases. Insulin levels do not increase, and energy expenditure would decrease.
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