pg. 1 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Newest 2024 Complete 180 Exam Questions with Correct Detailed Answers (Verified Answers) Graded A+
- types of coronary artery disease - Correct Answer - angina, myocardial infarction,
sudden cardiac death
atherosclerosis - Correct Answer - loss of elasticity and thickening of artery walls, formation of fibrofatty lesions in the intimal lining, affects large and medium sized arteries, results in gradual narrowing of the vessel lumen--> increased blood flow--> pressure decreases
narrowing of a lumen leads to... - Correct Answer - increased blood flow--> decreased pressure
chylomicrons - Correct Answer - lipoproteins larger but less dense than VLDL, transports cholesterol
characteristics of pain in MI - Correct Answer - severe, immobilizing chest pain not relieved by rest, position change, or nitrate administration
manifestations of MI - Correct Answer - nausea and vomiting, fever, increased BP and heart rate initially, later decreased in BP due to decrease in cardiac ouput and decreased urine output
nausea and vomiting associated with MI - Correct Answer - can result from reflex stimulation of the vomiting center by the severe pain (sympathetic nervous system stimulation) -catecholamines released during initial phases of MI 1 / 4
pg. 2 -results in diaphoresis (sweating) and vasoconstriction
fever associated with MI - Correct Answer - -systematic manifestation of the inflammatory process caused by cell death -may increase within 1st 24 hours up to 100.4 -may last as long as 1 week
cardiovascular manifestations associated with MI - Correct Answer - initial increase in BP and heart rate then drop in BP from decreased cardiac ouput and decreased urine ouput -crackles -hepatic engorgement -peripheral edema
arrhythmias - Correct Answer - most common complication of MI -present in 80% of MI patients -most common cause of death in the pre-hospital period
coronary heart disease developmental stages - Correct Answer - 1. fatty streak
- raised fibrous plaque
- complicated lesion
fatty streak of CHD - Correct Answer - earliest lesions, characterized by lipid-filled smooth muscle cells, yellow tinge appears, reversible
raised fibrous plaque stage of CHD - Correct Answer - beginning of progressive changes in the arterial wall. initiated by chronic endothelial injury
complicated lesion stage of CHD - Correct Answer - final stage in CHD development, (most dangerous) 2 / 4
pg. 3 -plaque consists of a core of lipid materials within an area of dead tissue
- with the incorporation of lipids, thrombi, damaged tissue, and accumulation of calcium,
the growing lesion becomes complex
collateral circulation - Correct Answer - arterial branching within the coronary circulation
occlusion of the coronary arteries over a long period of time --> - Correct Answer - greater chance of adequate collateral circulation developing
factors contributing to growth of collateral circulation - Correct Answer - -inherited predisposition to develop new vessels -presence of chronic ischemia
nonmodifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease - Correct Answer - age, gender, ethnicity, genetic predisposition
types of CHD - Correct Answer - angina pectoris, acute coronary syndrome, sudden cardiac death
angina pectoris - Correct Answer - (type of CHD) myocardial ischemia without the length or severity to cause cell death
stable angina - Correct Answer - (type of CHD) results when the lack of oxygen supply is temporary and reversible
acute coronary syndrome - Correct Answer - (type of CHD) develops when the oxygen supply is prolonged and not immediately reversible
acute coronary syndrome encompasses: - Correct Answer - -unstable angina,
-non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) -ST segment elevation (STEMI) 3 / 4
pg. 4
acute coronary syndrome etiology - Correct Answer - myocardial ischemia (oxygen demand> oxygen supply)
primary reason for insufficient blood flow is... - Correct Answer - narrowing of coronary arteries by atherosclerosis
coronary arteries are unable to dilate to meet increased metabolic needs because... - Correct Answer - they are already chronically dilated beyond the obstructed area
pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome - Correct Answer - plaque disruption or breakdown> tissue thromboplastin exposed> platelet aggregation and clotting cascade activated> thrombus formation> acute ischemia
ischemic syndromes - Correct Answer - stable angina unstable angina MI
characteristics of stable angina - Correct Answer - fixed stenosis, predictable pain not relieved by rest, non-elevated serum enzyme levels
characteristics of unstable angina - Correct Answer - thrombus greater than 75%, unpredictable pain relived by rest (3-5 min), non-evelated serum enzyme levels pain may last longer
characteristics of MI - Correct Answer - thrombus and lysis with occlusion, unpredictable pain not relieved by rest (more than 15-30 min), elevated serum enzyme levels
stable angina pectoris - Correct Answer - chest pain occuring intermittently over a long period with the same pattern of onset, duration, and intensity of symptoms -pain usually lasts 3-5 min
- / 4