Pathophysiology Final Exam

Pathophysiology Final Exam

• Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process? To prevent infection of the

injured tissue

• What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process: Increased capillary

permeability

• What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?

Vasodilation of blood vessels

• Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the

antigen or after immunization against the antigen? Active-acquired immunity

• What type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta? Passive-

acquired immunity

• Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions?

IgA

• Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response? IgM
• An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes when he or she has a

seriously low level of which immunoglobulin antibody? IgA

• Evaluation of umbilical cord blood can confirm that which immunoglobulin level is near

adult levels? IgG

• Which statement is true concerning the IgM? IgM is the first antibody produced during

the initial response to an antigen.

• The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which

class of immunoglobulins? IgE

• Which component of the immune system is deficient in individuals with infections caused

by viruses, fungi, or yeast? T cells

• Chickenpox (varicella) may be followed years later by which disorder? Herpes zoster
• How is thrush best defined? Presence of Candida in the mucous membranes of the

mouths of infants

• Which viral disease has an incubation period of 14 to 21 days and duration of 1 to 4 days?

Rubella

• Rubella (German or 3-day measles) is a common communicable disease of children caused

by what type of organism? Virus

• Rubeola is a highly contagious acute disease in children caused by which type of infection?

Viral

• Which clinical manifestation is present in rubeola but not in rubella? Conjunctivitis
• What is the cause of chickenpox? Varicella-zoster virus
• Which contagious disease is caused by the itch mite? Scabies

21. Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene: Autosomal recessive

• The difference between DNA sequence mutations and epigenetic modifications is:

Epigenetic modifications can be reversed

• Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the implementation of behavioral

patterns are main functions of which area of the brain? Hypothalamus

• What parts of the brain mediate the expression of affect, both emotional and behavioral

states? Limbic system and prefrontal cortex

• Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, sneezing,

swallowing, and coughing are controlled by which area of the brain: Medulla oblongata

• Which area of the brain assumes the responsibility for conscious and unconscious muscle 1 / 2

synergy and for maintaining balance and posture? Cerebellum

• Which cerebral vascular hemorrhage causes meningeal irritation, photophobia, and positive

Kernig and Brudzinski signs? Subarachnoid

• Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system abnormalities exist in a large percentage of

individuals with: Major depression

• The onset of schizophrenia can be triggered by which prenatal occurrence? Viral infection
• Alterations in which part of the brain are linked to hallucinations, delusions, and thought

disorder associated with schizophrenia? Temporal lobe

• Which nutritional deficiency in a pregnant woman is associated with neural tube defect

(NTD)? Folate

• Children with phenylketonuria (PKU) are unable to synthesize: Essential amino acid,

phenylalanine, to tyrosine

• Hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency of which clotting factor? IX
• Which disease is caused by clotting factor VIII deficiency and is an autosomal dominant

trait? von Willebrand disease

• The release of catecholamine by the adrenal glands compensate for which initial effects of

hypovolemic shock? Heart rate is increased.

• In cardiogenic shock, what is the cause of hepatomegaly and periorbital edema? Low

cardiac output, causing a high central venous pressure

• Which normal physiologic change occurs in the aging pulmonary system? Stiffening of the

chest wall

• Clinical manifestations of inspiratory and expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive

cough, and tachypnea are indicative of which condition? Asthma

• Clinical manifestations of decreased exercise tolerance, wheezing, shortness of breath, and

productive cough are indicative of which respiratory disorder? Chronic bronchitis

• Clinical manifestations that include unexplained weight loss, dyspnea on exertion, use of

accessory muscles, and tachypnea with prolonged expiration are indicative of which respiratory disorder? Emphysema

• Clinical manifestations of inspiratory crackles, increased tactile fremitus, egophony, and

whispered pectoriloquy are indicative of which respiratory condition? Pneumonia

• What is the first sign of puberty in girls? Breast enlargement
• What is the first sign of puberty in boys? Enlargement of the testes
• In the 95% of those with delayed puberty, the problem is caused by which condition?

Physiologic hormonal delays

• What term is used to identify an inflammation of the glans penis? Balanitis
• What is the most common infectious cause of orchitis and one that usually affects post

pubertal boys? Mumps

• Priapism has been associated with the abuse of what substance? Cocaine
• With which medical diagnosis is meconium ileus often associated? Cystic fibrosis
• Which term is used to describe an intestinal obstruction caused by the invagination of the

ileum into the cecum and part of the ascending colon by collapsing through the ileocecal valve? Intussusception

• Cystic fibrosis is characterized by which symptom? Excessive mucus production
• Which medication compensates for the deficiency that occurs as a result of cystic fibrosis?

Pancreatic enzymes

• What causes a person with cystic fibrosis to experience an exocrine pancreatic

insufficiency? Pancreatic ducts are obstructed with mucus.

• Which disorder is characterized by damage to the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum and
• / 2