Pathophysiology Final Exam 3

Pathophysiology Final Exam 3 rd Year Semester 2 Questions and Answers 2023

Hypokalemia usually associates:

• metabolic acidosis
• metabolic alkalosis
• decreased neuromuscular excitability
• increased neuromuscular excitability
• cardiac dysrhythmias
• plasma hypo-osmolarity - Correct Answer B. metabolic alkalosis
• decreased neuromuscular

excitability

• cardiac dysrhythmias

Compensatory mechanisms in metabolic acidosis could be done by:

• pulmonary hyperventilation
• pulmonary hypoventilation (not effective)
• H⁺ entrance into the cells in exchange with K⁺
• decreased renal excretion of H⁺ as ammonium salts and titratable acidity
• increased bicarbonate reabsorption and bicarbonate buffering - Correct Answer A.

pulmonary hyperventilation

• H⁺ entrance into the cells in exchange with K⁺
• increased bicarbonate reabsorption and bicarbonate buffering

Diabetes mellitus type 1 is characterized by:

• autoimmune pathogenesis
• obesity
• absolute deficiency of insulin because of beta cell destruction
• decreased insulin activity
• occurrence during old age (after 40 years) - Correct Answer A. autoimmune

pathogenesis

• absolute deficiency of insulin because of beta cell destruction

Mechanisms of hyperlipoproteinemia type 1 (hyperchylomicronemia):

• deficiency of apo B100
• deficiency of HDL
• hypercholesterolemia
• hypercaloric diet
• deficiency of lipoprotein lipase
• deficiency of apo C-II - Correct Answer E. deficiency of lipoprotein lipase
• deficiency of apo C-II

Mechanisms of pulmonary failure in chronic obstructive lung disease could be:

• hypercapnia
• hypoxemia 1 / 3

• ventilation disturbances (obstructive and restrictive dysfunctions)
• ischemia
• metabolic lactic acidosis producing hyperventilation
• decreased diffusing capacity through a thicker alveolo-capillary membrane
• ventilation/perfusion mismatch due to secondary pulmonary hypertension
• hemoconcentration and anemia - Correct Answer A. hypercapnia
• hypoxemia
• ventilation disturbances (obstructive and restrictive dysfunctions)

Mechanisms of edema in cardiac failure could be:

• increased renal reabsorption of water because of dehydration
• increased renal reabsorption of water because of venous stasis
• increased renal absorption of water because of intrarenal blood flow redistribution
• increased renal reabsorption of Na⁺ and water because of renin-angiotensin-

aldosterone activity

• increased renal reabsorption of Na+ and water because of hypopotassemia
• increased capillary hydrostatic pressure because of stasis
• increased plasma oncotic pressure - Correct Answer B. increased renal reabsorption

of water because of venous stasis

• increased renal absorption of water because of intrarenal blood flow redistribution
• increased renal reabsorption of Na⁺ and water because of renin-angiotensin-

aldosterone activity

Peripheral adaptive mechanisms in cardiac failure could be:

• vasoconstriction because of hypercapnia
• vasoconstriction because of sympathetic activity
• vasoconstriction because of angiotensin
• Na⁺ and water retention because of renal failure
• Na⁺ and water retention because of renin-angiotensin aldosterone activity
• increased inotropism because of increased sympathetic activity
• increased cardiac frequency because of increased sympathetic activity - Correct

Answer B. vasoconstriction because of sympathetic activity

• Na⁺ and water retention because of renin-angiotensin aldosterone activity
• increased inotropism because of increased sympathetic activity

Mechanisms of cardiovascular disturbances in chronic renal failure could be:

• coronary atherosclerosis
• cardiac failure by diastolic dysfunction
• cardiac arrhythmias due to K⁺ abnormalities
• pulmonary hypertension
• systemic arterial hypertension due to hypervolemia
• cardiac failure due to preload
• hypertonic dehydration - Correct Answer C. cardiac arrhythmias due to K⁺

abnormalities

• systemic arterial hypertension due to hypervolemia
• cardiac failure due to preload 2 / 3

Mechanisms producing pulmonary failure:

• ventilation disturbances (obstructive dysfunction)
• ventilation disturbances (restrictive dysfunction)
• peripheral ischemia
• peripheral vasoconstriction
• increased pulmonary vascular resistance
• ventilation/perfusion mismatching
• anemia
• decreased diffusing capacity through the alveolar-capillary-membrane
• decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate - Correct Answer A. ventilation disturbances

(obstructive dysfunction)

• ventilation disturbances (restrictive dysfunction)
• ventilation/perfusion mismatching
• anemia
• decreased diffusing capacity through the alveolar-capillary-membrane

Some syndromes during decompensated chronic renal failure (stages III and IV) could

be:

• stable azote retention
• polydipsia
• polyuria
• oliguria
• decompensated metabolic acidosis
• severe anemia
• renal osteodystrophy - Correct Answer D. oliguria
• decompensated metabolic acidosis
• severe anemia
• renal osteodystrophy

Causes for cardiac failure by increased preload could be:

• valvular regurgitation
• valvular stenosis
• systemic arterial hypertensions
• intracardiac shunts
• hypervolemia
• increased blood viscosity - Correct Answer A. valvular regurgitation
• intracardiac shunts
• hypervolemia

Cardiac hypertrophy as a compensatory mechanism in cardiac failure produces:

• redistribution of the intraparietal tension on a large number of sarcomeres
• increased contractility
• decreased oxygen consumption
• increased coronary flow - Correct Answer B. increased contractility
• / 3